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Kivu, DR Congoi
Regional Level Types
KivuRegion (Historical)
DR CongoCountry

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PhotosSearch
01292700015281182106782.jpg
View of the Maniema tin-tungsten mining area, in 1952.

Kalima, Maniema, DR Congo
00749180015224744918726.jpg
View of the Maniema tin-tungsten mining area, in 1952.

Kalima, Maniema, DR Congo
05682350015281182114352.jpg
View of the Maniema tin-tungsten mining area, in 1952.

Kalima, Maniema, DR Congo
06944900015192124812721.jpg
View of the Maniema tin-tungsten mining area, in 1952.

Kalima, Maniema, DR Congo
09097820015192126433044.jpg
View of the Maniema tin-tungsten mining area, in 1952.

Kalima, Maniema, DR Congo
00915160015192127593438.jpg
View of the Maniema tin-tungsten mining area, in 1952.

Kalima, Maniema, DR Congo
01292700015281182106782.jpg
View of the Maniema tin-tungsten mining area, in 1952.

Kalima, Maniema, DR Congo
00749180015224744918726.jpg
View of the Maniema tin-tungsten mining area, in 1952.

Kalima, Maniema, DR Congo
Type:
Region (Historical)
Largest Settlements:
PlacePopulation
Beni232,000 (2018)
Bukavu225,389 (2015)
Uvira170,391 (2012)
Butembo154,621 (2013)
Goma144,124 (2012)
Kindu135,698 (2013)
Mindat Locality ID:
14229
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:2:14229:3
GUID (UUID V4):
83541ae7-838a-4329-8a7e-7a29c4a3d7d1
Other/historical names associated with this locality:
Zaïre


A historical region that ceased to be in 1986. It consisted of the current areas of Nord-Kivu, Sud-Kivu and Maniema.

See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kivu

Select Mineral List Type

Standard Detailed Gallery Strunz Chemical Elements

Commodity List

This is a list of exploitable or exploited mineral commodities recorded from this region.


Mineral List

Mineral list contains entries from the region specified including sub-localities

194 valid minerals. 27 (TL) - type locality of valid minerals. 1 (FRL) - first recorded locality of unapproved mineral/variety/etc.

Rock Types Recorded

Note: data is currently VERY limited. Please bear with us while we work towards adding this information!

Rock list contains entries from the region specified including sub-localities

Select Rock List Type

Alphabetical List Tree Diagram

Detailed Mineral List:

ⓘ Actinolite
Formula: ◻Ca2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5)Si8O22(OH)2
ⓘ Aegirine
Formula: NaFe3+Si2O6
Localities: Reported from at least 7 localities in this region.
ⓘ Aegirine-augite
Formula: (NaaCabFe2+cMgd)(Fe3+eAlfFe2+gMgh)Si2O6
References:
Denaeyer, M. E. (1958). Les syénites feldspathoïdiques du Kivu et leur rôle dans la genèse des laves des Virunga. Bulletin de la Société Belge de Géologie, Paléontologie et Hydrologie (Bruxelles), 67, 459-488. http://biblio.naturalsciences.be/rbins-publications/bulletin-de-la-societe-belge-de-geologie/067%20-%201958/bsbg_67_1958_p459-481.pdf
Cahen, L., Ledent, D., & Villeneuve, M. (1979). Existence d’une chaîne plissée Protérozoïque supérieur au Kivu oriental (Zaire). Données géochronologiques relatives au Supergroupe de l’Itombwe. Bull. Soc. g~ ol. Belg, 88, 71-83. http://biblio.naturalsciences.be/rbins-publications/bulletin-de-la-societe-belge-de-geologie/088%20-%201979/bsbg_88_1979_p071-083.pdf
Cahen, L., Snelling, N. J., Delhal, J., Vail, J. R., Bonhomme, M., & Ledent, D. (1984). The geochronology and evolution of Africa. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Frederic_Wilson2/publication/248450077_The_Geochronology_and_evolution_of_AfricaL_Cahen_NJ_Snelling_J_Delhal_and_JR_Vail_with_the_collaboration_of_M_Bonhomme_and_D_Ledent/links/55ef240108ae0af8ee1b10f2.pdf
Kampunzu, A. B., Kramers, J. D., & Makutu, M. N. (1998). Rb Sr whole rock ages of the lueshe, Kirumba and Numbi igneous complexes (Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo) and the break-up of the Rodinia supercontinent. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 26(1), 29-36. doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(97)00134-6
ⓘ Aenigmatite
Formula: Na4[Fe2+10Ti2]O4[Si12O36]
References:
Kanika, M., Kampunzu, A. B., Caron, J. P. H., & Vellutini, P. J. (1981). Données nouvelles sur le volcanisme de la haute Ruzizi (Sud Kivu, Zaire). CR Acad. Sci. Paris, 292, 1277-1282.
Kampunzu, A. B., Vellutini, P. J., Caron, J. P., Lubala, R. T., & Kanika, M. (1983). Le volcanisme et l'evolution structurale du Sud-Kivu (Zaire). Un modele d'interpretation geodynamique du volcanisme distensif intracontinental. Bulletin des centres de recherches exploration-Production Elf-Aquitaine, 7(1), 257-271.
Auchapt, A., Dupuy, C., Dostal, J., & Kanika, M. (1987). Geochemistry and petrogenesis of rift-related volcanic rocks from South Kivu (Zaire). Journal of volcanology and geothermal research, 31(1-2), 33-46. doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(87)90004-7
Kampunzu, A. B., Bonhomme, M. G., & Kanika, M. (1998). Geochronology of volcanic rocks and evolution of the Cenozoic Western Branch of the East African Rift System. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 26(3), 441-461. doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(98)00025-6
ⓘ Afmite
Formula: Al3(OH)4(H2O)3(PO4)(PO3OH) · H2O
ⓘ Åkermanite
Formula: Ca2Mg[Si2O7]
ⓘ Albite
Formula: Na(AlSi3O8)
Localities: Reported from at least 7 localities in this region.
References:
Richard, J.J. & Padang, M.N. 1957. Active volcanoes of the world. Part 4 Africa and the Red Sea. International Volcanological Association, Napoli, Italy.
Holmes, A., & Harwood, H. F. (1937). The volcanic area of Bufumbira. Part 2. The petrology of the volcanic field of Bufumbria, south-west Uganda, and of other parts of the Birunga field. Geological Survey of Uganda, Memoir, 3 (Part 2).
Denaeyer, M. E., Schellinck, F., & Coppez, A. (1965). Recueil d'analyses des laves du fossé tectonique de l'Afrique centrale. Annales. Musée Roy. Afrique Centrale. Belgique, Ann. Ser. 8, Sci. Geol., 49, 1-234.
Thonnard, R. L. G., & Denaeyer, M. E. (1965). Carte volcanologique des Virunga, Feuille No. 1. 1:50000 and Introduction generale et Notice Explicative de la Feuille No. 1. Centre National de Volcanologie (Belgique), Bruxelles.
Bell, K., & Powell, J. L. (1969). Strontium isotopic studies of alkalic rocks: the potassium-rich lavas of the Birunga and Toro—Ankole Regions, East and Central Equatorial Africa. Journal of Petrology, 10(3), 536-572. doi.org/10.1093/petrology/10.3.536
Aoki, K., Ishiwaka, K., & Kanisawa, S. (1981). Fluorine geochemistry of basaltic rocks from continental and oceanic regions and petrogenetic application. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 76(1), 53-59. doi.org/10.1007/BF00373683
Hamaguchi, H. (1983). Volcanoes Nyiragongo and Nyamuragira: geophysical aspects. Tohoku Univ.
Ueki, S. (1983). Recent volcanism of Nyamuragira and Nyiragongo. Volcanoes Nyiragongo and Nyamuragira: geophysical aspects, 7-18.
Aoki, K. I., & Kurasawa, H. (1984). Sr isotope study of the tephrite series from Nyamuragira volcano, Zaire. Geochemical Journal, 18(2), 95-100. doi.org/10.2343/geochemj.18.95
Aoki, K. I., Yoshida, T., Yusa, K., & Nakamura, Y. (1985). Petrology and geochemistry of the Nyamuragira volcano, Zaire. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 25(1-2), 1-28. doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(85)90002-2
ⓘ Albite var. Anorthoclase
Formula: (Na,K)AlSi3O8
ⓘ 'Alkali Feldspar'
References:
Combe, A. D., & Simmons, W. C. (1933). The volcanic area of Bufumbira: The geology of the volcanic area of Bufumbira, south-west Uganda: Geol. Survey Uganda Mem. Ill, pt. I, 1-143.
Holmes, A., & Harwood, H. F. (1937). The volcanic area of Bufumbira. Part 2. The petrology of the volcanic field of Bufumbria, south-west Uganda, and of other parts of the Birunga field. Geological Survey of Uganda, Memoir, 3 (Part 2).
Denaeyer, M. E., Schellinck, F., & Coppez, A. (1965). Recueil d'analyses des laves du fossé tectonique de l'Afrique centrale. Annales. Musée Roy. Afrique Centrale. Belgique, Ann. Ser. 8, Sci. Geol., 49, 1-234.
Bell, K., & Powell, J. L. (1969). Strontium isotopic studies of alkalic rocks: the potassium-rich lavas of the Birunga and Toro—Ankole Regions, East and Central Equatorial Africa. Journal of Petrology, 10(3), 536-572. doi.org/10.1093/petrology/10.3.536
Guibert, P., Delaloye, M., & Hunziker, J. (1975). Contribution à l’étude géologique du volcan Mikeno, chaîne des Virunga (République du Zaïre). CR Scé. Soc. Phys. Hist. Nat., Genève, ns, 10(1), 57-66.
ⓘ 'Alkali pyroxene'
ⓘ Althupite (TL)
Formula: AlTh(UO2)7(PO4)4(OH)5O2 · 15H2O
Type Locality:
Habit: Tiny tabular crystals.
Colour: yellow
ⓘ Amblygonite
Formula: LiAl(PO4)F
ⓘ 'Amphibole Supergroup'
Formula: AB2C5((Si,Al,Ti)8O22)(OH,F,Cl,O)2
Localities: Reported from at least 6 localities in this region.
References:
Kanika, M., Kampunzu, A. B., Caron, J. P. H., & Vellutini, P. J. (1981). Données nouvelles sur le volcanisme de la haute Ruzizi (Sud Kivu, Zaire). CR Acad. Sci. Paris, 292, 1277-1282.
Kanika, M., Kampunzu, A. B., Caron, J. P. H., & Vellutini, P. J. (1981). Données nouvelles sur le volcanisme de la haute Ruzizi (Sud Kivu, Zaire). CR Acad. Sci. Paris, 292, 1277-1282.
Kampunzu, A. B., Vellutini, P. J., Caron, J. P., Lubala, R. T., & Kanika, M. (1983). Le volcanisme et l'evolution structurale du Sud-Kivu (Zaire). Un modele d'interpretation geodynamique du volcanisme distensif intracontinental. Bulletin des centres de recherches exploration-Production Elf-Aquitaine, 7(1), 257-271.
Kampunzu, A. B., Vellutini, P. J., Caron, J. P., Lubala, R. T., & Kanika, M. (1983). Le volcanisme et l'evolution structurale du Sud-Kivu (Zaire). Un modele d'interpretation geodynamique du volcanisme distensif intracontinental. Bulletin des centres de recherches exploration-Production Elf-Aquitaine, 7(1), 257-271.
Auchapt, A., Dupuy, C., Dostal, J., & Kanika, M. (1987). Geochemistry and petrogenesis of rift-related volcanic rocks from South Kivu (Zaire). Journal of volcanology and geothermal research, 31(1-2), 33-46. doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(87)90004-7
Auchapt, A., Dupuy, C., Dostal, J., & Kanika, M. (1987). Geochemistry and petrogenesis of rift-related volcanic rocks from South Kivu (Zaire). Journal of volcanology and geothermal research, 31(1-2), 33-46. doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(87)90004-7
Kampunzu, A. B., Bonhomme, M. G., & Kanika, M. (1998). Geochronology of volcanic rocks and evolution of the Cenozoic Western Branch of the East African Rift System. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 26(3), 441-461. doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(98)00025-6
Kampunzu, A. B., Bonhomme, M. G., & Kanika, M. (1998). Geochronology of volcanic rocks and evolution of the Cenozoic Western Branch of the East African Rift System. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 26(3), 441-461. doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(98)00025-6
ⓘ 'Ancylite'
ⓘ Ancylite-(Ce)
Formula: CeSr(CO3)2(OH) · H2O
ⓘ Andalusite
Formula: Al2(SiO4)O
ⓘ Andradite
Formula: Ca3Fe3+2(SiO4)3
ⓘ Andradite var. Melanite
Formula: Ca3(Fe3+,Ti)2(SiO4)3
ⓘ Andrémeyerite (TL)
Formula: BaFe2+2(Si2O7)
Type Locality:
Description: The mineral was identified from a single specimen in vesicles of melilite-leucite-nephelinite lava,…Associated minerals are nepheline, leucite, clinopyroxene, kirschsteinite, and melilite, along with a green glass (intimately associated. Crystals are less than 0.2 mm long,0.1 mm in diameter with {100} and {011> dominant. Color pale emerald-green
ⓘ Anglesite
Formula: PbSO4
ⓘ Ankerite
Formula: Ca(Fe2+,Mg)(CO3)2
ⓘ Annite
Formula: KFe2+3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
ⓘ Anorthite
Formula: Ca(Al2Si2O8)
ⓘ Anorthite var. Labradorite
Formula: (Ca,Na)[Al(Al,Si)Si2O8]
ⓘ Anthoinite (TL)
Formula: AlWO3(OH)3
ⓘ 'Apatite'
Formula: Ca5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH)
Localities: Reported from at least 11 localities in this region.
References:
Richard, J.J. & Padang, M.N. 1957. Active volcanoes of the world. Part 4 Africa and the Red Sea. International Volcanological Association, Napoli, Italy.
Holmes, A., & Harwood, H. F. (1937). The volcanic area of Bufumbira. Part 2. The petrology of the volcanic field of Bufumbria, south-west Uganda, and of other parts of the Birunga field. Geological Survey of Uganda, Memoir, 3 (Part 2).
Denaeyer, M. E., Schellinck, F., & Coppez, A. (1965). Recueil d'analyses des laves du fossé tectonique de l'Afrique centrale. Annales. Musée Roy. Afrique Centrale. Belgique, Ann. Ser. 8, Sci. Geol., 49, 1-234.
Thonnard, R. L. G., & Denaeyer, M. E. (1965). Carte volcanologique des Virunga, Feuille No. 1. 1:50000 and Introduction generale et Notice Explicative de la Feuille No. 1. Centre National de Volcanologie (Belgique), Bruxelles.
Bell, K., & Powell, J. L. (1969). Strontium isotopic studies of alkalic rocks: the potassium-rich lavas of the Birunga and Toro—Ankole Regions, East and Central Equatorial Africa. Journal of Petrology, 10(3), 536-572. doi.org/10.1093/petrology/10.3.536
Aoki, K., Ishiwaka, K., & Kanisawa, S. (1981). Fluorine geochemistry of basaltic rocks from continental and oceanic regions and petrogenetic application. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 76(1), 53-59. doi.org/10.1007/BF00373683
Hamaguchi, H. (1983). Volcanoes Nyiragongo and Nyamuragira: geophysical aspects. Tohoku Univ.
Ueki, S. (1983). Recent volcanism of Nyamuragira and Nyiragongo. Volcanoes Nyiragongo and Nyamuragira: geophysical aspects, 7-18.
Aoki, K. I., & Kurasawa, H. (1984). Sr isotope study of the tephrite series from Nyamuragira volcano, Zaire. Geochemical Journal, 18(2), 95-100. doi.org/10.2343/geochemj.18.95
Aoki, K. I., Yoshida, T., Yusa, K., & Nakamura, Y. (1985). Petrology and geochemistry of the Nyamuragira volcano, Zaire. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 25(1-2), 1-28. doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(85)90002-2
ⓘ Aphthitalite
Formula: (K,Na)3Na(SO4)2
ⓘ Arfvedsonite
Formula: [Na][Na2][Fe2+4Fe3+]Si8O22(OH)2
ⓘ Arsenic
Formula: As
ⓘ Arsenopyrite
Formula: FeAsS
ⓘ Augite
Formula: (CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6
References:
Combe, A. D., & Simmons, W. C. (1933). The volcanic area of Bufumbira: The geology of the volcanic area of Bufumbira, south-west Uganda: Geol. Survey Uganda Mem. Ill, pt. I, 1-143.
Holmes, A., & Harwood, H. F. (1937). The volcanic area of Bufumbira. Part 2. The petrology of the volcanic field of Bufumbria, south-west Uganda, and of other parts of the Birunga field. Geological Survey of Uganda, Memoir, 3 (Part 2).
Denaeyer, M. E., Schellinck, F., & Coppez, A. (1965). Recueil d'analyses des laves du fossé tectonique de l'Afrique centrale. Annales. Musée Roy. Afrique Centrale. Belgique, Ann. Ser. 8, Sci. Geol., 49, 1-234.
Bell, K., & Powell, J. L. (1969). Strontium isotopic studies of alkalic rocks: the potassium-rich lavas of the Birunga and Toro—Ankole Regions, East and Central Equatorial Africa. Journal of Petrology, 10(3), 536-572. doi.org/10.1093/petrology/10.3.536
Guibert, P., Delaloye, M., & Hunziker, J. (1975). Contribution à l’étude géologique du volcan Mikeno, chaîne des Virunga (République du Zaïre). CR Scé. Soc. Phys. Hist. Nat., Genève, ns, 10(1), 57-66.
ⓘ Augite var. Ferroaugite
ⓘ Aurostibite
Formula: AuSb2
ⓘ Autunite
Formula: Ca(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 10-12H2O
ⓘ Baddeleyite
Formula: ZrO2
ⓘ Baotite
Formula: Ba4(Ti,Nb,W)8O16(SiO3)4Cl
ⓘ Baryte
Formula: BaSO4
ⓘ Benauite
Formula: SrFe3+3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6
ⓘ Bermanite
Formula: Mn2+Mn3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2O
ⓘ Beryl
Formula: Be3Al2(Si6O18)
ⓘ 'Biotite'
Formula: K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Localities: Reported from at least 14 localities in this region.
References:
Richard, J.J. & Padang, M.N. 1957. Active volcanoes of the world. Part 4 Africa and the Red Sea. International Volcanological Association, Napoli, Italy.
Holmes, A., & Harwood, H. F. (1937). The volcanic area of Bufumbira. Part 2. The petrology of the volcanic field of Bufumbria, south-west Uganda, and of other parts of the Birunga field. Geological Survey of Uganda, Memoir, 3 (Part 2).
Denaeyer, M. E., Schellinck, F., & Coppez, A. (1965). Recueil d'analyses des laves du fossé tectonique de l'Afrique centrale. Annales. Musée Roy. Afrique Centrale. Belgique, Ann. Ser. 8, Sci. Geol., 49, 1-234.
Thonnard, R. L. G., & Denaeyer, M. E. (1965). Carte volcanologique des Virunga, Feuille No. 1. 1:50000 and Introduction generale et Notice Explicative de la Feuille No. 1. Centre National de Volcanologie (Belgique), Bruxelles.
Bell, K., & Powell, J. L. (1969). Strontium isotopic studies of alkalic rocks: the potassium-rich lavas of the Birunga and Toro—Ankole Regions, East and Central Equatorial Africa. Journal of Petrology, 10(3), 536-572. doi.org/10.1093/petrology/10.3.536
Aoki, K., Ishiwaka, K., & Kanisawa, S. (1981). Fluorine geochemistry of basaltic rocks from continental and oceanic regions and petrogenetic application. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 76(1), 53-59. doi.org/10.1007/BF00373683
Hamaguchi, H. (1983). Volcanoes Nyiragongo and Nyamuragira: geophysical aspects. Tohoku Univ.
Ueki, S. (1983). Recent volcanism of Nyamuragira and Nyiragongo. Volcanoes Nyiragongo and Nyamuragira: geophysical aspects, 7-18.
Aoki, K. I., & Kurasawa, H. (1984). Sr isotope study of the tephrite series from Nyamuragira volcano, Zaire. Geochemical Journal, 18(2), 95-100. doi.org/10.2343/geochemj.18.95
Aoki, K. I., Yoshida, T., Yusa, K., & Nakamura, Y. (1985). Petrology and geochemistry of the Nyamuragira volcano, Zaire. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 25(1-2), 1-28. doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(85)90002-2
ⓘ 'Biotite var. Titanium-bearing Biotite'
ⓘ Bismite
Formula: Bi2O3
ⓘ Bismuth
Formula: Bi
ⓘ Bismuthinite
Formula: Bi2S3
ⓘ Bismutite
Formula: (BiO)2CO3
ⓘ Bolivarite
Formula: Al2(PO4)(OH)3 · 4-5H2O
ⓘ Calcite
Formula: CaCO3
Localities: Reported from at least 6 localities in this region.
References:
Richard, J.J. & Padang, M.N. 1957. Active volcanoes of the world. Part 4 Africa and the Red Sea. International Volcanological Association, Napoli, Italy.
Tazieff, H. 1975. Nyiragongo: the forbidden volcano. Cassell, London.
Sahama, G., & Meyer, A. (1958). Study of the volcano Niragongo. A progress Report, Exploration du parc National Albert, mission d’études volcanologiques, Fasc 2, 1-85.
Sahama, T. G. (1960). Kalsilite in the lavas of mt. Nyiragongo (Belgian Congo). Journal of Petrology, 1(2), 146-171. doi.org/10.1093/petrology/1.2.146
Denaeyer, M. E., Schellinck, F., & Coppez, A. (1965). Recueil d'analyses des laves du fossé tectonique de l'Afrique centrale. Annales. Musée Roy. Afrique Centrale. Belgique, Ann. Ser. 8, Sci. Geol., 49, 1-234.
Thonnard, R. L. G., & Denaeyer, M. E. (1965). Carte volcanologique des Virunga, Feuille No. 1. 1:50000 and Introduction generale et Notice Explicative de la Feuille No. 1. Centre National de Volcanologie (Belgique), Bruxelles.
Bell, K., & Powell, J. L. (1969). Strontium isotopic studies of alkalic rocks: the potassium-rich lavas of the Birunga and Toro—Ankole Regions, East and Central Equatorial Africa. Journal of Petrology, 10(3), 536-572. doi.org/10.1093/petrology/10.3.536
Denaeyer, M. E. (1972). LES LAVES DU FOSSE TECTONIQUE DE L'AFRIQUE CENTRALE (KIVU, RWANDA, TORO-ANKOLE). I. SUPPLEMENT AU RECUEIL D'ANALYSES DE 1965. II. MAGMATOLOGIE. Annales, Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, Belgique. Serie In 8º, Sciences Geologiques, 72.
Sahama, T. G. (1973). Evolution of the Nyiragongo magma. Journal of Petrology, 14(1), 33-48. doi.org/10.1093/petrology/14.1.33
Sahama, T. G. (1978). The Nyiragongo main cone. Annales, Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, Belgique. Serie In 8º, Sciences Geologiques 81.
Hamaguchi, H. (1983). Volcanoes Nyiragongo and Nyamuragira: geophysical aspects. Tohoku Univ.
Vollmer, R., & Norry, M. J. (1983). Possible origin of K-rich volcanic rocks from Virunga, East Africa, by metasomatism of continental crustal material: Pb, Nd and Sr isotopic evidence. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 64(3), 374-386. doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(83)90097-3
Tazieff, H. (1984). Mt. Niragongo: renewed activity of the lava lake. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 20(3-4), 267-280. doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(84)90043-X
GEE, L. L., & Sack, R. O. (1988). Experimental petrology of melilite nephelinites. Journal of Petrology, 29(6), 1233-1255. doi.org/10.1093/petrology/29.6.1233
Demant, A., Lestrade, P., Lubala, R. T., Kampunzu, A. B., & Durieux, J. (1994). Volcanological and petrological evolution of Nyiragongo volcano, Virunga volcanic field, Zaire. Bulletin of Volcanology, 56(1), 47-61. doi.org/10.1007/BF00279728
Haapala, I. L. M. A. R. I. (2011). Th. G. Sahama’s (1910–1983) volcanological and mineralogical studies in Africa: Part I. Expeditions to the Virunga Volcanic Field and petrological-mineralogical studies on the Nyiragongo volcano. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland, 83, 41-55.
Andersen, T., Elburg, M. A., & Erambert, M. (2014). Extreme peralkalinity in delhayelite-and andremeyerite-bearing nephelinite from Nyiragongo volcano, East African Rift. Lithos, 206, 164-178.
ⓘ Cancrinite
Formula: (Na,Ca,◻)8(Al6Si6O24)(CO3,SO4)2 · 2H2O
References:
Denaeyer, M. E. (1958). Les syénites feldspathoïdiques du Kivu et leur rôle dans la genèse des laves des Virunga. Bulletin de la Société Belge de Géologie, Paléontologie et Hydrologie (Bruxelles), 67, 459-488. http://biblio.naturalsciences.be/rbins-publications/bulletin-de-la-societe-belge-de-geologie/067%20-%201958/bsbg_67_1958_p459-481.pdf
Cahen, L., Ledent, D., & Villeneuve, M. (1979). Existence d’une chaîne plissée Protérozoïque supérieur au Kivu oriental (Zaire). Données géochronologiques relatives au Supergroupe de l’Itombwe. Bull. Soc. g~ ol. Belg, 88, 71-83. http://biblio.naturalsciences.be/rbins-publications/bulletin-de-la-societe-belge-de-geologie/088%20-%201979/bsbg_88_1979_p071-083.pdf
Cahen, L., Snelling, N. J., Delhal, J., Vail, J. R., Bonhomme, M., & Ledent, D. (1984). The geochronology and evolution of Africa. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Frederic_Wilson2/publication/248450077_The_Geochronology_and_evolution_of_AfricaL_Cahen_NJ_Snelling_J_Delhal_and_JR_Vail_with_the_collaboration_of_M_Bonhomme_and_D_Ledent/links/55ef240108ae0af8ee1b10f2.pdf
Kampunzu, A. B., Kramers, J. D., & Makutu, M. N. (1998). Rb Sr whole rock ages of the lueshe, Kirumba and Numbi igneous complexes (Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo) and the break-up of the Rodinia supercontinent. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 26(1), 29-36. doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(97)00134-6
ⓘ Cassiterite
Formula: SnO2
Localities: Reported from at least 17 localities in this region.
ⓘ Celestine
Formula: SrSO4
ⓘ 'Cerite'
ⓘ Cesplumtantite
Formula: (Cs,Na)2(Pb,Sb3+)3Ta8O24
ⓘ Chalcanthite
Formula: CuSO4 · 5H2O
ⓘ Chalcopyrite
Formula: CuFeS2
ⓘ 'Chevkinite Group'
References:
Denaeyer, M. E. (1958). Les syénites feldspathoïdiques du Kivu et leur rôle dans la genèse des laves des Virunga. Bulletin de la Société Belge de Géologie, Paléontologie et Hydrologie (Bruxelles), 67, 459-488. http://biblio.naturalsciences.be/rbins-publications/bulletin-de-la-societe-belge-de-geologie/067%20-%201958/bsbg_67_1958_p459-481.pdf
Cahen, L., Ledent, D., & Villeneuve, M. (1979). Existence d’une chaîne plissée Protérozoïque supérieur au Kivu oriental (Zaire). Données géochronologiques relatives au Supergroupe de l’Itombwe. Bull. Soc. g~ ol. Belg, 88, 71-83. http://biblio.naturalsciences.be/rbins-publications/bulletin-de-la-societe-belge-de-geologie/088%20-%201979/bsbg_88_1979_p071-083.pdf
Cahen, L., Snelling, N. J., Delhal, J., Vail, J. R., Bonhomme, M., & Ledent, D. (1984). The geochronology and evolution of Africa. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Frederic_Wilson2/publication/248450077_The_Geochronology_and_evolution_of_AfricaL_Cahen_NJ_Snelling_J_Delhal_and_JR_Vail_with_the_collaboration_of_M_Bonhomme_and_D_Ledent/links/55ef240108ae0af8ee1b10f2.pdf
Kampunzu, A. B., Kramers, J. D., & Makutu, M. N. (1998). Rb Sr whole rock ages of the lueshe, Kirumba and Numbi igneous complexes (Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo) and the break-up of the Rodinia supercontinent. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 26(1), 29-36. doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(97)00134-6
ⓘ Chlorbartonite ?
Formula: K6Fe24S26(Cl,S)
ⓘ 'Chlorite Group'
ⓘ 'Chrome-Spinel (of Dana)'
ⓘ Chromite
Formula: Fe2+Cr3+2O4
ⓘ 'Clinopyroxene Subgroup'
References:
Richard, J.J. & Padang, M.N. 1957. Active volcanoes of the world. Part 4 Africa and the Red Sea. International Volcanological Association, Napoli, Italy.
Holmes, A., & Harwood, H. F. (1937). The volcanic area of Bufumbira. Part 2. The petrology of the volcanic field of Bufumbria, south-west Uganda, and of other parts of the Birunga field. Geological Survey of Uganda, Memoir, 3 (Part 2).
Denaeyer, M. E., Schellinck, F., & Coppez, A. (1965). Recueil d'analyses des laves du fossé tectonique de l'Afrique centrale. Annales. Musée Roy. Afrique Centrale. Belgique, Ann. Ser. 8, Sci. Geol., 49, 1-234.
Thonnard, R. L. G., & Denaeyer, M. E. (1965). Carte volcanologique des Virunga, Feuille No. 1. 1:50000 and Introduction generale et Notice Explicative de la Feuille No. 1. Centre National de Volcanologie (Belgique), Bruxelles.
Bell, K., & Powell, J. L. (1969). Strontium isotopic studies of alkalic rocks: the potassium-rich lavas of the Birunga and Toro—Ankole Regions, East and Central Equatorial Africa. Journal of Petrology, 10(3), 536-572. doi.org/10.1093/petrology/10.3.536
Aoki, K., Ishiwaka, K., & Kanisawa, S. (1981). Fluorine geochemistry of basaltic rocks from continental and oceanic regions and petrogenetic application. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 76(1), 53-59. doi.org/10.1007/BF00373683
Hamaguchi, H. (1983). Volcanoes Nyiragongo and Nyamuragira: geophysical aspects. Tohoku Univ.
Ueki, S. (1983). Recent volcanism of Nyamuragira and Nyiragongo. Volcanoes Nyiragongo and Nyamuragira: geophysical aspects, 7-18.
Aoki, K. I., & Kurasawa, H. (1984). Sr isotope study of the tephrite series from Nyamuragira volcano, Zaire. Geochemical Journal, 18(2), 95-100. doi.org/10.2343/geochemj.18.95
Aoki, K. I., Yoshida, T., Yusa, K., & Nakamura, Y. (1985). Petrology and geochemistry of the Nyamuragira volcano, Zaire. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 25(1-2), 1-28. doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(85)90002-2
ⓘ 'Coeruleolactite'
ⓘ Columbite-(Fe)
Formula: Fe2+Nb2O6
ⓘ 'Columbite-(Fe)-Columbite-(Mn) Series'
ⓘ 'Columbite Group'
ⓘ Columbite-(Mn)
Formula: Mn2+Nb2O6
ⓘ 'Columbite-Tantalite'
ⓘ Combeite (TL)
Formula: Na4.5Ca3.5Si6O17.5(OH)0.5
ⓘ Copper
Formula: Cu
ⓘ Cordierite
Formula: (Mg,Fe)2Al3(AlSi5O18)
ⓘ Crandallite
Formula: CaAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6
ⓘ Cuspidine
Formula: Ca8(Si2O7)2F4
ⓘ Davidite-(La)
Formula: La(Y,U)Fe2(Ti,Fe,Cr,V)18(O,OH,F)38
ⓘ Delhayelite (TL)
Formula: (Na,K)10Ca5Al6Si32O80(Cl2,F2,SO4)3 · 18H2O
ⓘ Diopside
Formula: CaMgSi2O6
References:
Richard, J.J. & Padang, M.N. 1957. Active volcanoes of the world. Part 4 Africa and the Red Sea. International Volcanological Association, Napoli, Italy.
Holmes, A., & Harwood, H. F. (1937). The volcanic area of Bufumbira. Part 2. The petrology of the volcanic field of Bufumbria, south-west Uganda, and of other parts of the Birunga field. Geological Survey of Uganda, Memoir, 3 (Part 2).
Denaeyer, M. E., Schellinck, F., & Coppez, A. (1965). Recueil d'analyses des laves du fossé tectonique de l'Afrique centrale. Annales. Musée Roy. Afrique Centrale. Belgique, Ann. Ser. 8, Sci. Geol., 49, 1-234.
Thonnard, R. L. G., & Denaeyer, M. E. (1965). Carte volcanologique des Virunga, Feuille No. 1. 1:50000 and Introduction generale et Notice Explicative de la Feuille No. 1. Centre National de Volcanologie (Belgique), Bruxelles.
Bell, K., & Powell, J. L. (1969). Strontium isotopic studies of alkalic rocks: the potassium-rich lavas of the Birunga and Toro—Ankole Regions, East and Central Equatorial Africa. Journal of Petrology, 10(3), 536-572. doi.org/10.1093/petrology/10.3.536
Aoki, K., Ishiwaka, K., & Kanisawa, S. (1981). Fluorine geochemistry of basaltic rocks from continental and oceanic regions and petrogenetic application. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 76(1), 53-59. doi.org/10.1007/BF00373683
Hamaguchi, H. (1983). Volcanoes Nyiragongo and Nyamuragira: geophysical aspects. Tohoku Univ.
Ueki, S. (1983). Recent volcanism of Nyamuragira and Nyiragongo. Volcanoes Nyiragongo and Nyamuragira: geophysical aspects, 7-18.
Aoki, K. I., & Kurasawa, H. (1984). Sr isotope study of the tephrite series from Nyamuragira volcano, Zaire. Geochemical Journal, 18(2), 95-100. doi.org/10.2343/geochemj.18.95
Aoki, K. I., Yoshida, T., Yusa, K., & Nakamura, Y. (1985). Petrology and geochemistry of the Nyamuragira volcano, Zaire. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 25(1-2), 1-28. doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(85)90002-2
ⓘ Diopside var. Chromium-bearing Diopside
Formula: Ca(Mg,Cr)Si2O6
ⓘ Diopside var. Salite
ⓘ Dolomite
Formula: CaMg(CO3)2
References:
doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(89)90077-8
doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1996.060.402.03
implications sur l'évolution magmatique et structurale. Geologische Rundschau, 69(1), 49-62. doi.org/10.1007/BF01869023
Pineau, F. & Javoy, M. 1969. Determination des rapports isotopiques O/O et C/C dans diverses carbonatites, implications genetiques. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences. Paris, 269D, 1930-1933.
Safiannikoff, A. 1959. Un nouveau mineral de niobium. Bulletin des Seances. Academie Royale des Sciences d'Outre-Mer. Bruxelles, 5, 1251-1255.
Safiannikoff, A. 1966. Gisement de pyrochlore de Lueshe. Annales de la Societe Geologique de Belgique, 90 (4), B461-486.
doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(89)90077-8
doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1996.060.402.03
implications sur l'évolution magmatique et structurale. Geologische Rundschau, 69(1), 49-62. doi.org/10.1007/BF01869023
Pineau, F. & Javoy, M. 1969. Determination des rapports isotopiques O/O et C/C dans diverses carbonatites, implications genetiques. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences. Paris, 269D, 1930-1933.
Safiannikoff, A. 1959. Un nouveau mineral de niobium. Bulletin des Seances. Academie Royale des Sciences d'Outre-Mer. Bruxelles, 5, 1251-1255.
Safiannikoff, A. 1966. Gisement de pyrochlore de Lueshe. Annales de la Societe Geologique de Belgique, 90 (4), B461-486.
Meyer, A., & De Béthune, P. (1958). La carbonatite Lueshe (Kivu): étude géologique. Service Géologique, Congo Belge, 8 (5), 1-19 and 1-12.
Meyer, A., & De Béthune, P. (1958). La carbonatite Lueshe (Kivu): étude géologique. Service Géologique, Congo Belge, 8 (5), 1-19 and 1-12.
Brasseur, H., Herman, P., & Hubaux, A. (1961). Apatites de l'est du Congo et du Ruanda. Bulletin-Société géologique de Belgique, 85(2), B61-B85.
Brasseur, H., Herman, P., & Hubaux, A. (1961). Apatites de l'est du Congo et du Ruanda. Bulletin-Société géologique de Belgique, 85(2), B61-B85.
Verhaeghe, M. (1963). Inventaire des gisements de calcaires, dolomies et travertins du Kivu, du Rwanda et du Burundi. Service géologique, Mémoire, (3).
Verhaeghe, M. (1963). Inventaire des gisements de calcaires, dolomies et travertins du Kivu, du Rwanda et du Burundi. Service géologique, Mémoire, (3).
Denayer, M. E. (1970). Rapports isotopiques O e C et condition d'affleurement dês carbonatites de 1'Affrique Central. Compt. Rend. D, 270, 2155-2158.
Denayer, M. E. (1970). Rapports isotopiques O e C et condition d'affleurement dês carbonatites de 1'Affrique Central. Compt. Rend. D, 270, 2155-2158.
Bellon, H., & Pouclet, A. (1980). Datations K-Ar de quelques laves du Rift-Ouest de l'Afrique Centrale
Maravic, H. V., & Morteani, G. (1980). Petrology and geochemistry of the carbonatite and syenite complex of Lueshe (NE Zaire). Lithos, 13(2), 159-170. doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(80)90017-1
Bellon, H., & Pouclet, A. (1980). Datations K-Ar de quelques laves du Rift-Ouest de l'Afrique Centrale
Maravic, H. V., & Morteani, G. (1980). Petrology and geochemistry of the carbonatite and syenite complex of Lueshe (NE Zaire). Lithos, 13(2), 159-170. doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(80)90017-1
Wall, F., Williams, C. T., Woolley, A. R., & Nasraoui, M. (1996). Pyrochlore from weathered carbonatite at Lueshe, Zaire. Mineralogical Magazine, 60(402), 731-750.
van Overbeke, A. C. (1996). Le complexe à carbonatite et syénite de la Lueshe (N-Kivu, Zaïre): pétrogenèse des roches ignées et caractérisation géochimique des processus métasomatiques (fénitisation) (Doctoral dissertation, UCL-Université Catholique de Louvain).
van Overbeke, A. C. (1996). Le complexe à carbonatite et syénite de la Lueshe (N-Kivu, Zaïre): pétrogenèse des roches ignées et caractérisation géochimique des processus métasomatiques (fénitisation) (Doctoral dissertation, UCL-Université Catholique de Louvain).
Kampunzu, A. B., Kramers, J. D., & Makutu, M. N. (1998). Rb Sr whole rock ages of the lueshe, Kirumba and Numbi igneous complexes (Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo) and the break-up of the Rodinia supercontinent. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 26(1), 29-36. doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(97)00134-6
Kampunzu, A. B., Kramers, J. D., & Makutu, M. N. (1998). Rb Sr whole rock ages of the lueshe, Kirumba and Numbi igneous complexes (Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo) and the break-up of the Rodinia supercontinent. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 26(1), 29-36. doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(97)00134-6
Berger, V.I., Singer, D.A., and Orris, G.J. (2009): USGS Open-File Report 09-1139
ⓘ Dolomite var. Iron-bearing Dolomite
Formula: Ca(Mg,Fe)(CO3)2
ⓘ Dumontite
Formula: Pb2(UO2)3O2(PO4)2 · 5H2O
ⓘ Eckermannite
Formula: NaNa2(Mg4Al}Si8O22(OH)2
ⓘ Elpasolite
Formula: K2NaAlF6
ⓘ Epidote
Formula: (CaCa)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH)
ⓘ Eudialyte
Formula: Na15Ca6Fe3Zr3Si(Si25O73)(O,OH,H2O)3(Cl,OH)2
ⓘ Evansite
Formula: Al3(PO4)(OH)6 · 6H2O
ⓘ Eylettersite (TL)
Formula: Th0.75Al3(PO4)2(OH)6
Type Locality:
ⓘ Fayalite
Formula: Fe2+2SiO4
References:
Kanika, M., Kampunzu, A. B., Caron, J. P. H., & Vellutini, P. J. (1981). Données nouvelles sur le volcanisme de la haute Ruzizi (Sud Kivu, Zaire). CR Acad. Sci. Paris, 292, 1277-1282.
Kampunzu, A. B., Vellutini, P. J., Caron, J. P., Lubala, R. T., & Kanika, M. (1983). Le volcanisme et l'evolution structurale du Sud-Kivu (Zaire). Un modele d'interpretation geodynamique du volcanisme distensif intracontinental. Bulletin des centres de recherches exploration-Production Elf-Aquitaine, 7(1), 257-271.
Auchapt, A., Dupuy, C., Dostal, J., & Kanika, M. (1987). Geochemistry and petrogenesis of rift-related volcanic rocks from South Kivu (Zaire). Journal of volcanology and geothermal research, 31(1-2), 33-46. doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(87)90004-7
Kampunzu, A. B., Bonhomme, M. G., & Kanika, M. (1998). Geochronology of volcanic rocks and evolution of the Cenozoic Western Branch of the East African Rift System. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 26(3), 441-461. doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(98)00025-6
ⓘ 'Fayalite-Forsterite Series'
References:
Richard, J.J. & Padang, M.N. 1957. Active volcanoes of the world. Part 4 Africa and the Red Sea. International Volcanological Association, Napoli, Italy.
Richard, J.J. & Padang, M.N. 1957. Active volcanoes of the world. Part 4 Africa and the Red Sea. International Volcanological Association, Napoli, Italy.
Holmes, A., & Harwood, H. F. (1937). The volcanic area of Bufumbira. Part 2. The petrology of the volcanic field of Bufumbria, south-west Uganda, and of other parts of the Birunga field. Geological Survey of Uganda, Memoir, 3 (Part 2).
Holmes, A., & Harwood, H. F. (1937). The volcanic area of Bufumbira. Part 2. The petrology of the volcanic field of Bufumbria, south-west Uganda, and of other parts of the Birunga field. Geological Survey of Uganda, Memoir, 3 (Part 2).
Denaeyer, M. E., Schellinck, F., & Coppez, A. (1965). Recueil d'analyses des laves du fossé tectonique de l'Afrique centrale. Annales. Musée Roy. Afrique Centrale. Belgique, Ann. Ser. 8, Sci. Geol., 49, 1-234.
Thonnard, R. L. G., & Denaeyer, M. E. (1965). Carte volcanologique des Virunga, Feuille No. 1. 1:50000 and Introduction generale et Notice Explicative de la Feuille No. 1. Centre National de Volcanologie (Belgique), Bruxelles.
Denaeyer, M. E., Schellinck, F., & Coppez, A. (1965). Recueil d'analyses des laves du fossé tectonique de l'Afrique centrale. Annales. Musée Roy. Afrique Centrale. Belgique, Ann. Ser. 8, Sci. Geol., 49, 1-234.
Thonnard, R. L. G., & Denaeyer, M. E. (1965). Carte volcanologique des Virunga, Feuille No. 1. 1:50000 and Introduction generale et Notice Explicative de la Feuille No. 1. Centre National de Volcanologie (Belgique), Bruxelles.
Bell, K., & Powell, J. L. (1969). Strontium isotopic studies of alkalic rocks: the potassium-rich lavas of the Birunga and Toro—Ankole Regions, East and Central Equatorial Africa. Journal of Petrology, 10(3), 536-572. doi.org/10.1093/petrology/10.3.536
Bell, K., & Powell, J. L. (1969). Strontium isotopic studies of alkalic rocks: the potassium-rich lavas of the Birunga and Toro—Ankole Regions, East and Central Equatorial Africa. Journal of Petrology, 10(3), 536-572. doi.org/10.1093/petrology/10.3.536
Aoki, K., Ishiwaka, K., & Kanisawa, S. (1981). Fluorine geochemistry of basaltic rocks from continental and oceanic regions and petrogenetic application. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 76(1), 53-59. doi.org/10.1007/BF00373683
Aoki, K., Ishiwaka, K., & Kanisawa, S. (1981). Fluorine geochemistry of basaltic rocks from continental and oceanic regions and petrogenetic application. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 76(1), 53-59. doi.org/10.1007/BF00373683
Hamaguchi, H. (1983). Volcanoes Nyiragongo and Nyamuragira: geophysical aspects. Tohoku Univ.
Ueki, S. (1983). Recent volcanism of Nyamuragira and Nyiragongo. Volcanoes Nyiragongo and Nyamuragira: geophysical aspects, 7-18.
Hamaguchi, H. (1983). Volcanoes Nyiragongo and Nyamuragira: geophysical aspects. Tohoku Univ.
Ueki, S. (1983). Recent volcanism of Nyamuragira and Nyiragongo. Volcanoes Nyiragongo and Nyamuragira: geophysical aspects, 7-18.
Aoki, K. I., & Kurasawa, H. (1984). Sr isotope study of the tephrite series from Nyamuragira volcano, Zaire. Geochemical Journal, 18(2), 95-100. doi.org/10.2343/geochemj.18.95
Aoki, K. I., & Kurasawa, H. (1984). Sr isotope study of the tephrite series from Nyamuragira volcano, Zaire. Geochemical Journal, 18(2), 95-100. doi.org/10.2343/geochemj.18.95
Aoki, K. I., Yoshida, T., Yusa, K., & Nakamura, Y. (1985). Petrology and geochemistry of the Nyamuragira volcano, Zaire. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 25(1-2), 1-28. doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(85)90002-2
Aoki, K. I., Yoshida, T., Yusa, K., & Nakamura, Y. (1985). Petrology and geochemistry of the Nyamuragira volcano, Zaire. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 25(1-2), 1-28. doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(85)90002-2
ⓘ 'Feldspar Group'
Localities: Reported from at least 9 localities in this region.
References:
Richard, J.J. & Padang, M.N. 1957. Active volcanoes of the world. Part 4 Africa and the Red Sea. International Volcanological Association, Napoli, Italy.
Holmes, A., & Harwood, H. F. (1937). The volcanic area of Bufumbira. Part 2. The petrology of the volcanic field of Bufumbria, south-west Uganda, and of other parts of the Birunga field. Geological Survey of Uganda, Memoir, 3 (Part 2).
Denaeyer, M. E., Schellinck, F., & Coppez, A. (1965). Recueil d'analyses des laves du fossé tectonique de l'Afrique centrale. Annales. Musée Roy. Afrique Centrale. Belgique, Ann. Ser. 8, Sci. Geol., 49, 1-234.
Thonnard, R. L. G., & Denaeyer, M. E. (1965). Carte volcanologique des Virunga, Feuille No. 1. 1:50000 and Introduction generale et Notice Explicative de la Feuille No. 1. Centre National de Volcanologie (Belgique), Bruxelles.
Bell, K., & Powell, J. L. (1969). Strontium isotopic studies of alkalic rocks: the potassium-rich lavas of the Birunga and Toro—Ankole Regions, East and Central Equatorial Africa. Journal of Petrology, 10(3), 536-572. doi.org/10.1093/petrology/10.3.536
Aoki, K., Ishiwaka, K., & Kanisawa, S. (1981). Fluorine geochemistry of basaltic rocks from continental and oceanic regions and petrogenetic application. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 76(1), 53-59. doi.org/10.1007/BF00373683
Hamaguchi, H. (1983). Volcanoes Nyiragongo and Nyamuragira: geophysical aspects. Tohoku Univ.
Ueki, S. (1983). Recent volcanism of Nyamuragira and Nyiragongo. Volcanoes Nyiragongo and Nyamuragira: geophysical aspects, 7-18.
Aoki, K. I., & Kurasawa, H. (1984). Sr isotope study of the tephrite series from Nyamuragira volcano, Zaire. Geochemical Journal, 18(2), 95-100. doi.org/10.2343/geochemj.18.95
Aoki, K. I., Yoshida, T., Yusa, K., & Nakamura, Y. (1985). Petrology and geochemistry of the Nyamuragira volcano, Zaire. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 25(1-2), 1-28. doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(85)90002-2
ⓘ 'Feldspar Group var. Perthite'
ⓘ Ferberite
Formula: FeWO4
ⓘ Ferrowodginite
Formula: Fe2+Sn4+Ta2O8
ⓘ Fersmite
Formula: (Ca,Ce,Na)(Nb,Ta,Ti)2(O,OH,F)6
ⓘ Fluorite
Formula: CaF2
References:
Denaeyer, M. E. (1958). Les syénites feldspathoïdiques du Kivu et leur rôle dans la genèse des laves des Virunga. Bulletin de la Société Belge de Géologie, Paléontologie et Hydrologie (Bruxelles), 67, 459-488. http://biblio.naturalsciences.be/rbins-publications/bulletin-de-la-societe-belge-de-geologie/067%20-%201958/bsbg_67_1958_p459-481.pdf
Cahen, L., Ledent, D., & Villeneuve, M. (1979). Existence d’une chaîne plissée Protérozoïque supérieur au Kivu oriental (Zaire). Données géochronologiques relatives au Supergroupe de l’Itombwe. Bull. Soc. g~ ol. Belg, 88, 71-83. http://biblio.naturalsciences.be/rbins-publications/bulletin-de-la-societe-belge-de-geologie/088%20-%201979/bsbg_88_1979_p071-083.pdf
Cahen, L., Snelling, N. J., Delhal, J., Vail, J. R., Bonhomme, M., & Ledent, D. (1984). The geochronology and evolution of Africa. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Frederic_Wilson2/publication/248450077_The_Geochronology_and_evolution_of_AfricaL_Cahen_NJ_Snelling_J_Delhal_and_JR_Vail_with_the_collaboration_of_M_Bonhomme_and_D_Ledent/links/55ef240108ae0af8ee1b10f2.pdf
Kampunzu, A. B., Kramers, J. D., & Makutu, M. N. (1998). Rb Sr whole rock ages of the lueshe, Kirumba and Numbi igneous complexes (Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo) and the break-up of the Rodinia supercontinent. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 26(1), 29-36. doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(97)00134-6
ⓘ Foordite
Formula: Sn2+Nb2O6
Description: Initially identified as thoreaulite, now designated as the cotype specimen.
ⓘ Forsterite
Formula: Mg2SiO4
ⓘ Fresnoite
Formula: Ba2Ti(Si2O7)O
ⓘ Frondelite
Formula: Mn2+Fe3+4(PO4)3(OH)5
ⓘ Furongite
Formula: Al13(UO2)7(PO4)13(OH)14 · 58H2O
ⓘ Galena
Formula: PbS
ⓘ 'Garnet Group'
Formula: X3Z2(SiO4)3
References:
doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(89)90077-8
doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1996.060.402.03
implications sur l'évolution magmatique et structurale. Geologische Rundschau, 69(1), 49-62. doi.org/10.1007/BF01869023
Pineau, F. & Javoy, M. 1969. Determination des rapports isotopiques O/O et C/C dans diverses carbonatites, implications genetiques. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences. Paris, 269D, 1930-1933.
Safiannikoff, A. 1959. Un nouveau mineral de niobium. Bulletin des Seances. Academie Royale des Sciences d'Outre-Mer. Bruxelles, 5, 1251-1255.
Safiannikoff, A. 1966. Gisement de pyrochlore de Lueshe. Annales de la Societe Geologique de Belgique, 90 (4), B461-486.
doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(89)90077-8
doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1996.060.402.03
implications sur l'évolution magmatique et structurale. Geologische Rundschau, 69(1), 49-62. doi.org/10.1007/BF01869023
Pineau, F. & Javoy, M. 1969. Determination des rapports isotopiques O/O et C/C dans diverses carbonatites, implications genetiques. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences. Paris, 269D, 1930-1933.
Safiannikoff, A. 1959. Un nouveau mineral de niobium. Bulletin des Seances. Academie Royale des Sciences d'Outre-Mer. Bruxelles, 5, 1251-1255.
Safiannikoff, A. 1966. Gisement de pyrochlore de Lueshe. Annales de la Societe Geologique de Belgique, 90 (4), B461-486.
Meyer, A., & De Béthune, P. (1958). La carbonatite Lueshe (Kivu): étude géologique. Service Géologique, Congo Belge, 8 (5), 1-19 and 1-12.
Meyer, A., & De Béthune, P. (1958). La carbonatite Lueshe (Kivu): étude géologique. Service Géologique, Congo Belge, 8 (5), 1-19 and 1-12.
Brasseur, H., Herman, P., & Hubaux, A. (1961). Apatites de l'est du Congo et du Ruanda. Bulletin-Société géologique de Belgique, 85(2), B61-B85.
Brasseur, H., Herman, P., & Hubaux, A. (1961). Apatites de l'est du Congo et du Ruanda. Bulletin-Société géologique de Belgique, 85(2), B61-B85.
Verhaeghe, M. (1963). Inventaire des gisements de calcaires, dolomies et travertins du Kivu, du Rwanda et du Burundi. Service géologique, Mémoire, (3).
Verhaeghe, M. (1963). Inventaire des gisements de calcaires, dolomies et travertins du Kivu, du Rwanda et du Burundi. Service géologique, Mémoire, (3).
Denayer, M. E. (1970). Rapports isotopiques O e C et condition d'affleurement dês carbonatites de 1'Affrique Central. Compt. Rend. D, 270, 2155-2158.
Denayer, M. E. (1970). Rapports isotopiques O e C et condition d'affleurement dês carbonatites de 1'Affrique Central. Compt. Rend. D, 270, 2155-2158.
Bellon, H., & Pouclet, A. (1980). Datations K-Ar de quelques laves du Rift-Ouest de l'Afrique Centrale
Maravic, H. V., & Morteani, G. (1980). Petrology and geochemistry of the carbonatite and syenite complex of Lueshe (NE Zaire). Lithos, 13(2), 159-170. doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(80)90017-1
Bellon, H., & Pouclet, A. (1980). Datations K-Ar de quelques laves du Rift-Ouest de l'Afrique Centrale
Maravic, H. V., & Morteani, G. (1980). Petrology and geochemistry of the carbonatite and syenite complex of Lueshe (NE Zaire). Lithos, 13(2), 159-170. doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(80)90017-1
Maravic, H. V., Morteani, G., & Roethe, G. (1989). The cancrinite-syenite/carbonatite complex of Lueshe, Kivu/NE-Zaire: petrographic and geochemical studies and its economic significance. Journal of African Earth Sciences (and the Middle East), 9(2), 341-355.
van Overbeke, A. C. (1996). Le complexe à carbonatite et syénite de la Lueshe (N-Kivu, Zaïre): pétrogenèse des roches ignées et caractérisation géochimique des processus métasomatiques (fénitisation) (Doctoral dissertation, UCL-Université Catholique de Louvain).
van Overbeke, A. C. (1996). Le complexe à carbonatite et syénite de la Lueshe (N-Kivu, Zaïre): pétrogenèse des roches ignées et caractérisation géochimique des processus métasomatiques (fénitisation) (Doctoral dissertation, UCL-Université Catholique de Louvain).
Kampunzu, A. B., Kramers, J. D., & Makutu, M. N. (1998). Rb Sr whole rock ages of the lueshe, Kirumba and Numbi igneous complexes (Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo) and the break-up of the Rodinia supercontinent. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 26(1), 29-36. doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(97)00134-6
Kampunzu, A. B., Kramers, J. D., & Makutu, M. N. (1998). Rb Sr whole rock ages of the lueshe, Kirumba and Numbi igneous complexes (Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo) and the break-up of the Rodinia supercontinent. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 26(1), 29-36. doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(97)00134-6
ⓘ Gibbsite
Formula: Al(OH)3
ⓘ 'Glass'
Description: Green glass.
ⓘ Goethite
Formula: α-Fe3+O(OH)
ⓘ Gold
Formula: Au
ⓘ Götzenite (TL)
Formula: NaCa6Ti(Si2O7)2OF3
ⓘ Goyazite
Formula: SrAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6
Description: Originally described as lusungite (Van Wambeke (1958); but later descredited by Pring et al. (1995) as identical With goyazite.
ⓘ Graphite
Formula: C
ⓘ Grossular
Formula: Ca3Al2(SiO4)3
ⓘ Gypsum
Formula: CaSO4 · 2H2O
ⓘ Halite
Formula: NaCl
ⓘ Hedenbergite
Formula: CaFe2+Si2O6
ⓘ Hematite
Formula: Fe2O3
References:
doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(89)90077-8
doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1996.060.402.03
implications sur l'évolution magmatique et structurale. Geologische Rundschau, 69(1), 49-62. doi.org/10.1007/BF01869023
Pineau, F. & Javoy, M. 1969. Determination des rapports isotopiques O/O et C/C dans diverses carbonatites, implications genetiques. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences. Paris, 269D, 1930-1933.
Safiannikoff, A. 1959. Un nouveau mineral de niobium. Bulletin des Seances. Academie Royale des Sciences d'Outre-Mer. Bruxelles, 5, 1251-1255.
Safiannikoff, A. 1966. Gisement de pyrochlore de Lueshe. Annales de la Societe Geologique de Belgique, 90 (4), B461-486.
Meyer, A., & De Béthune, P. (1958). La carbonatite Lueshe (Kivu): étude géologique. Service Géologique, Congo Belge, 8 (5), 1-19 and 1-12.
Brasseur, H., Herman, P., & Hubaux, A. (1961). Apatites de l'est du Congo et du Ruanda. Bulletin-Société géologique de Belgique, 85(2), B61-B85.
Verhaeghe, M. (1963). Inventaire des gisements de calcaires, dolomies et travertins du Kivu, du Rwanda et du Burundi. Service géologique, Mémoire, (3).
Denayer, M. E. (1970). Rapports isotopiques O e C et condition d'affleurement dês carbonatites de 1'Affrique Central. Compt. Rend. D, 270, 2155-2158.
Bellon, H., & Pouclet, A. (1980). Datations K-Ar de quelques laves du Rift-Ouest de l'Afrique Centrale
Maravic, H. V., & Morteani, G. (1980). Petrology and geochemistry of the carbonatite and syenite complex of Lueshe (NE Zaire). Lithos, 13(2), 159-170. doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(80)90017-1
van Overbeke, A. C. (1996). Le complexe à carbonatite et syénite de la Lueshe (N-Kivu, Zaïre): pétrogenèse des roches ignées et caractérisation géochimique des processus métasomatiques (fénitisation) (Doctoral dissertation, UCL-Université Catholique de Louvain).
Kampunzu, A. B., Kramers, J. D., & Makutu, M. N. (1998). Rb Sr whole rock ages of the lueshe, Kirumba and Numbi igneous complexes (Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo) and the break-up of the Rodinia supercontinent. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 26(1), 29-36. doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(97)00134-6
ⓘ Hieratite
Formula: K2[SiF6]
ⓘ Hongshiite
Formula: PtCu
ⓘ 'Hornblende Root Name Group'
Formula: ◻Ca2(Z2+4Z3+)(AlSi7O22)(OH,F,Cl)2
ⓘ Hureaulite
Formula: Mn2+5(PO3OH)2(PO4)2 · 4H2O
ⓘ Hydropyrochlore (TL)
Formula: (H2O,◻)2Nb2(O,OH)6(H2O)
Type Locality:
ⓘ Hydroxylapatite
Formula: Ca5(PO4)3(OH)
ⓘ Ilmenite
Formula: Fe2+TiO3
References:
Richard, J.J. & Padang, M.N. 1957. Active volcanoes of the world. Part 4 Africa and the Red Sea. International Volcanological Association, Napoli, Italy.
Holmes, A., & Harwood, H. F. (1937). The volcanic area of Bufumbira. Part 2. The petrology of the volcanic field of Bufumbria, south-west Uganda, and of other parts of the Birunga field. Geological Survey of Uganda, Memoir, 3 (Part 2).
Denaeyer, M. E., Schellinck, F., & Coppez, A. (1965). Recueil d'analyses des laves du fossé tectonique de l'Afrique centrale. Annales. Musée Roy. Afrique Centrale. Belgique, Ann. Ser. 8, Sci. Geol., 49, 1-234.
Thonnard, R. L. G., & Denaeyer, M. E. (1965). Carte volcanologique des Virunga, Feuille No. 1. 1:50000 and Introduction generale et Notice Explicative de la Feuille No. 1. Centre National de Volcanologie (Belgique), Bruxelles.
Bell, K., & Powell, J. L. (1969). Strontium isotopic studies of alkalic rocks: the potassium-rich lavas of the Birunga and Toro—Ankole Regions, East and Central Equatorial Africa. Journal of Petrology, 10(3), 536-572. doi.org/10.1093/petrology/10.3.536
Aoki, K., Ishiwaka, K., & Kanisawa, S. (1981). Fluorine geochemistry of basaltic rocks from continental and oceanic regions and petrogenetic application. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 76(1), 53-59. doi.org/10.1007/BF00373683
Hamaguchi, H. (1983). Volcanoes Nyiragongo and Nyamuragira: geophysical aspects. Tohoku Univ.
Ueki, S. (1983). Recent volcanism of Nyamuragira and Nyiragongo. Volcanoes Nyiragongo and Nyamuragira: geophysical aspects, 7-18.
Aoki, K. I., & Kurasawa, H. (1984). Sr isotope study of the tephrite series from Nyamuragira volcano, Zaire. Geochemical Journal, 18(2), 95-100. doi.org/10.2343/geochemj.18.95
Aoki, K. I., Yoshida, T., Yusa, K., & Nakamura, Y. (1985). Petrology and geochemistry of the Nyamuragira volcano, Zaire. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 25(1-2), 1-28. doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(85)90002-2
ⓘ Iron
Formula: Fe
ⓘ Iron var. Kamacite
Formula: (Fe,Ni)
ⓘ Jarosite
Formula: KFe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6
ⓘ Kalsilite
Formula: KAlSiO4
References:
Richard, J.J. & Padang, M.N. 1957. Active volcanoes of the world. Part 4 Africa and the Red Sea. International Volcanological Association, Napoli, Italy.
Tazieff, H. 1975. Nyiragongo: the forbidden volcano. Cassell, London.
Sahama, G., & Meyer, A. (1958). Study of the volcano Niragongo. A progress Report, Exploration du parc National Albert, mission d’études volcanologiques, Fasc 2, 1-85.
Sahama, T. G. (1960). Kalsilite in the lavas of mt. Nyiragongo (Belgian Congo). Journal of Petrology, 1(2), 146-171.
Sahama, T. G. (1960). Kalsilite in the lavas of mt. Nyiragongo (Belgian Congo). Journal of Petrology, 1(2), 146-171. doi.org/10.1093/petrology/1.2.146
Denaeyer, M. E., Schellinck, F., & Coppez, A. (1965). Recueil d'analyses des laves du fossé tectonique de l'Afrique centrale. Annales. Musée Roy. Afrique Centrale. Belgique, Ann. Ser. 8, Sci. Geol., 49, 1-234.
Thonnard, R. L. G., & Denaeyer, M. E. (1965). Carte volcanologique des Virunga, Feuille No. 1. 1:50000 and Introduction generale et Notice Explicative de la Feuille No. 1. Centre National de Volcanologie (Belgique), Bruxelles.
Bell, K., & Powell, J. L. (1969). Strontium isotopic studies of alkalic rocks: the potassium-rich lavas of the Birunga and Toro—Ankole Regions, East and Central Equatorial Africa. Journal of Petrology, 10(3), 536-572. doi.org/10.1093/petrology/10.3.536
Denaeyer, M. E. (1972). LES LAVES DU FOSSE TECTONIQUE DE L'AFRIQUE CENTRALE (KIVU, RWANDA, TORO-ANKOLE). I. SUPPLEMENT AU RECUEIL D'ANALYSES DE 1965. II. MAGMATOLOGIE. Annales, Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, Belgique. Serie In 8º, Sciences Geologiques, 72.
Sahama, T. G. (1973). Evolution of the Nyiragongo magma. Journal of Petrology, 14(1), 33-48. doi.org/10.1093/petrology/14.1.33
Sahama, T. G. (1978). The Nyiragongo main cone. Annales, Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, Belgique. Serie In 8º, Sciences Geologiques 81.
Hamaguchi, H. (1983). Volcanoes Nyiragongo and Nyamuragira: geophysical aspects. Tohoku Univ.
Vollmer, R., & Norry, M. J. (1983). Possible origin of K-rich volcanic rocks from Virunga, East Africa, by metasomatism of continental crustal material: Pb, Nd and Sr isotopic evidence. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 64(3), 374-386. doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(83)90097-3
Tazieff, H. (1984). Mt. Niragongo: renewed activity of the lava lake. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 20(3-4), 267-280. doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(84)90043-X
GEE, L. L., & Sack, R. O. (1988). Experimental petrology of melilite nephelinites. Journal of Petrology, 29(6), 1233-1255. doi.org/10.1093/petrology/29.6.1233
Demant, A., Lestrade, P., Lubala, R. T., Kampunzu, A. B., & Durieux, J. (1994). Volcanological and petrological evolution of Nyiragongo volcano, Virunga volcanic field, Zaire. Bulletin of Volcanology, 56(1), 47-61. doi.org/10.1007/BF00279728
Haapala, I. L. M. A. R. I. (2011). Th. G. Sahama’s (1910–1983) volcanological and mineralogical studies in Africa: Part I. Expeditions to the Virunga Volcanic Field and petrological-mineralogical studies on the Nyiragongo volcano. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland, 83, 41-55.
Andersen, T., Elburg, M. A., & Erambert, M. (2014). Extreme peralkalinity in delhayelite-and andremeyerite-bearing nephelinite from Nyiragongo volcano, East African Rift. Lithos, 206, 164-178.
ⓘ Kamitugaite (TL)
Formula: PbAl[(UO2)5(PO4)2.38(AsO4)0.62O2(OH)2] · 11.5H2O
Type Locality:
ⓘ Kaolinite
Formula: Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4
ⓘ Katophorite
Formula: {Na}{CaNa}{Mg4Al}[(AlSi7)O22](OH)2
References:
Kanika, M., Kampunzu, A. B., Caron, J. P. H., & Vellutini, P. J. (1981). Données nouvelles sur le volcanisme de la haute Ruzizi (Sud Kivu, Zaire). CR Acad. Sci. Paris, 292, 1277-1282.
Kampunzu, A. B., Vellutini, P. J., Caron, J. P., Lubala, R. T., & Kanika, M. (1983). Le volcanisme et l'evolution structurale du Sud-Kivu (Zaire). Un modele d'interpretation geodynamique du volcanisme distensif intracontinental. Bulletin des centres de recherches exploration-Production Elf-Aquitaine, 7(1), 257-271.
Auchapt, A., Dupuy, C., Dostal, J., & Kanika, M. (1987). Geochemistry and petrogenesis of rift-related volcanic rocks from South Kivu (Zaire). Journal of volcanology and geothermal research, 31(1-2), 33-46. doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(87)90004-7
Kampunzu, A. B., Bonhomme, M. G., & Kanika, M. (1998). Geochronology of volcanic rocks and evolution of the Cenozoic Western Branch of the East African Rift System. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 26(3), 441-461. doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(98)00025-6
ⓘ Keckite
Formula: CaMn2+(Fe3+Mn2+)Fe3+2(PO4)4(OH)3 · 7H2O
ⓘ Kirschsteinite (TL)
Formula: CaFe2+SiO4
ⓘ Kitagohaite (TL)
Formula: Pt7Cu
Type Locality:
ⓘ 'Kivuite'
Formula: Th(UO2)4(PO3OH)2(OH)8 · 7H2O
ⓘ Kobokoboite (TL)
Formula: Al6(PO4)4(OH)6 · 11H2O
Type Locality:
ⓘ Kyanite
Formula: Al2(SiO4)O
References:
doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(89)90077-8
doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1996.060.402.03
implications sur l'évolution magmatique et structurale. Geologische Rundschau, 69(1), 49-62. doi.org/10.1007/BF01869023
Pineau, F. & Javoy, M. 1969. Determination des rapports isotopiques O/O et C/C dans diverses carbonatites, implications genetiques. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences. Paris, 269D, 1930-1933.
Safiannikoff, A. 1959. Un nouveau mineral de niobium. Bulletin des Seances. Academie Royale des Sciences d'Outre-Mer. Bruxelles, 5, 1251-1255.
Safiannikoff, A. 1966. Gisement de pyrochlore de Lueshe. Annales de la Societe Geologique de Belgique, 90 (4), B461-486.
Meyer, A., & De Béthune, P. (1958). La carbonatite Lueshe (Kivu): étude géologique. Service Géologique, Congo Belge, 8 (5), 1-19 and 1-12.
Brasseur, H., Herman, P., & Hubaux, A. (1961). Apatites de l'est du Congo et du Ruanda. Bulletin-Société géologique de Belgique, 85(2), B61-B85.
Verhaeghe, M. (1963). Inventaire des gisements de calcaires, dolomies et travertins du Kivu, du Rwanda et du Burundi. Service géologique, Mémoire, (3).
Denayer, M. E. (1970). Rapports isotopiques O e C et condition d'affleurement dês carbonatites de 1'Affrique Central. Compt. Rend. D, 270, 2155-2158.
Bellon, H., & Pouclet, A. (1980). Datations K-Ar de quelques laves du Rift-Ouest de l'Afrique Centrale
Maravic, H. V., & Morteani, G. (1980). Petrology and geochemistry of the carbonatite and syenite complex of Lueshe (NE Zaire). Lithos, 13(2), 159-170. doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(80)90017-1
Maravic, H. V., Morteani, G., & Roethe, G. (1989). The cancrinite-syenite/carbonatite complex of Lueshe, Kivu/NE-Zaire: petrographic and geochemical studies and its economic significance. Journal of African Earth Sciences (and the Middle East), 9(2), 341-355.
van Overbeke, A. C. (1996). Le complexe à carbonatite et syénite de la Lueshe (N-Kivu, Zaïre): pétrogenèse des roches ignées et caractérisation géochimique des processus métasomatiques (fénitisation) (Doctoral dissertation, UCL-Université Catholique de Louvain).
Kampunzu, A. B., Kramers, J. D., & Makutu, M. N. (1998). Rb Sr whole rock ages of the lueshe, Kirumba and Numbi igneous complexes (Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo) and the break-up of the Rodinia supercontinent. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 26(1), 29-36. doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(97)00134-6
ⓘ Låvenite
Formula: Na2Ca2Mn2Zr2(Si2O7)2O2F2
References:
Denaeyer, M. E. (1958). Les syénites feldspathoïdiques du Kivu et leur rôle dans la genèse des laves des Virunga. Bulletin de la Société Belge de Géologie, Paléontologie et Hydrologie (Bruxelles), 67, 459-488. http://biblio.naturalsciences.be/rbins-publications/bulletin-de-la-societe-belge-de-geologie/067%20-%201958/bsbg_67_1958_p459-481.pdf
Cahen, L., Ledent, D., & Villeneuve, M. (1979). Existence d’une chaîne plissée Protérozoïque supérieur au Kivu oriental (Zaire). Données géochronologiques relatives au Supergroupe de l’Itombwe. Bull. Soc. g~ ol. Belg, 88, 71-83. http://biblio.naturalsciences.be/rbins-publications/bulletin-de-la-societe-belge-de-geologie/088%20-%201979/bsbg_88_1979_p071-083.pdf
Cahen, L., Snelling, N. J., Delhal, J., Vail, J. R., Bonhomme, M., & Ledent, D. (1984). The geochronology and evolution of Africa. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Frederic_Wilson2/publication/248450077_The_Geochronology_and_evolution_of_AfricaL_Cahen_NJ_Snelling_J_Delhal_and_JR_Vail_with_the_collaboration_of_M_Bonhomme_and_D_Ledent/links/55ef240108ae0af8ee1b10f2.pdf
Kampunzu, A. B., Kramers, J. D., & Makutu, M. N. (1998). Rb Sr whole rock ages of the lueshe, Kirumba and Numbi igneous complexes (Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo) and the break-up of the Rodinia supercontinent. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 26(1), 29-36. doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(97)00134-6
ⓘ 'Lepidolite'
ⓘ Leucite
Formula: K(AlSi2O6)
References:
Richard, J.J. & Padang, M.N. 1957. Active volcanoes of the world. Part 4 Africa and the Red Sea. International Volcanological Association, Napoli, Italy.
Holmes, A., & Harwood, H. F. (1937). The volcanic area of Bufumbira. Part 2. The petrology of the volcanic field of Bufumbria, south-west Uganda, and of other parts of the Birunga field. Geological Survey of Uganda, Memoir, 3 (Part 2).
Denaeyer, M. E., Schellinck, F., & Coppez, A. (1965). Recueil d'analyses des laves du fossé tectonique de l'Afrique centrale. Annales. Musée Roy. Afrique Centrale. Belgique, Ann. Ser. 8, Sci. Geol., 49, 1-234.
Thonnard, R. L. G., & Denaeyer, M. E. (1965). Carte volcanologique des Virunga, Feuille No. 1. 1:50000 and Introduction generale et Notice Explicative de la Feuille No. 1. Centre National de Volcanologie (Belgique), Bruxelles.
Bell, K., & Powell, J. L. (1969). Strontium isotopic studies of alkalic rocks: the potassium-rich lavas of the Birunga and Toro—Ankole Regions, East and Central Equatorial Africa. Journal of Petrology, 10(3), 536-572. doi.org/10.1093/petrology/10.3.536
Aoki, K., Ishiwaka, K., & Kanisawa, S. (1981). Fluorine geochemistry of basaltic rocks from continental and oceanic regions and petrogenetic application. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 76(1), 53-59. doi.org/10.1007/BF00373683
Hamaguchi, H. (1983). Volcanoes Nyiragongo and Nyamuragira: geophysical aspects. Tohoku Univ.
Ueki, S. (1983). Recent volcanism of Nyamuragira and Nyiragongo. Volcanoes Nyiragongo and Nyamuragira: geophysical aspects, 7-18.
Aoki, K. I., & Kurasawa, H. (1984). Sr isotope study of the tephrite series from Nyamuragira volcano, Zaire. Geochemical Journal, 18(2), 95-100. doi.org/10.2343/geochemj.18.95
Aoki, K. I., Yoshida, T., Yusa, K., & Nakamura, Y. (1985). Petrology and geochemistry of the Nyamuragira volcano, Zaire. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 25(1-2), 1-28. doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(85)90002-2
ⓘ 'Limonite'
ⓘ Lithiophorite
Formula: (Al,Li)MnO2(OH)2
ⓘ Lithiowodginite
Formula: LiTa3O8
ⓘ Luberoite
Formula: Pt5Se4
ⓘ Lueshite (TL)
Formula: NaNbO3
Type Locality:
ⓘ Magnesite
Formula: MgCO3
ⓘ Magnetite
Formula: Fe2+Fe3+2O4
Localities: Reported from at least 6 localities in this region.
References:
Richard, J.J. & Padang, M.N. 1957. Active volcanoes of the world. Part 4 Africa and the Red Sea. International Volcanological Association, Napoli, Italy.
Holmes, A., & Harwood, H. F. (1937). The volcanic area of Bufumbira. Part 2. The petrology of the volcanic field of Bufumbria, south-west Uganda, and of other parts of the Birunga field. Geological Survey of Uganda, Memoir, 3 (Part 2).
Denaeyer, M. E., Schellinck, F., & Coppez, A. (1965). Recueil d'analyses des laves du fossé tectonique de l'Afrique centrale. Annales. Musée Roy. Afrique Centrale. Belgique, Ann. Ser. 8, Sci. Geol., 49, 1-234.
Thonnard, R. L. G., & Denaeyer, M. E. (1965). Carte volcanologique des Virunga, Feuille No. 1. 1:50000 and Introduction generale et Notice Explicative de la Feuille No. 1. Centre National de Volcanologie (Belgique), Bruxelles.
Bell, K., & Powell, J. L. (1969). Strontium isotopic studies of alkalic rocks: the potassium-rich lavas of the Birunga and Toro—Ankole Regions, East and Central Equatorial Africa. Journal of Petrology, 10(3), 536-572. doi.org/10.1093/petrology/10.3.536
Aoki, K., Ishiwaka, K., & Kanisawa, S. (1981). Fluorine geochemistry of basaltic rocks from continental and oceanic regions and petrogenetic application. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 76(1), 53-59. doi.org/10.1007/BF00373683
Hamaguchi, H. (1983). Volcanoes Nyiragongo and Nyamuragira: geophysical aspects. Tohoku Univ.
Ueki, S. (1983). Recent volcanism of Nyamuragira and Nyiragongo. Volcanoes Nyiragongo and Nyamuragira: geophysical aspects, 7-18.
Aoki, K. I., & Kurasawa, H. (1984). Sr isotope study of the tephrite series from Nyamuragira volcano, Zaire. Geochemical Journal, 18(2), 95-100. doi.org/10.2343/geochemj.18.95
Aoki, K. I., Yoshida, T., Yusa, K., & Nakamura, Y. (1985). Petrology and geochemistry of the Nyamuragira volcano, Zaire. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 25(1-2), 1-28. doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(85)90002-2
ⓘ Magnetite var. Titanium-bearing Magnetite
Formula: Fe2+(Fe3+,Ti)2O4
References:
Richard, J.J. & Padang, M.N. 1957. Active volcanoes of the world. Part 4 Africa and the Red Sea. International Volcanological Association, Napoli, Italy.
Holmes, A., & Harwood, H. F. (1937). The volcanic area of Bufumbira. Part 2. The petrology of the volcanic field of Bufumbria, south-west Uganda, and of other parts of the Birunga field. Geological Survey of Uganda, Memoir, 3 (Part 2).
Denaeyer, M. E., Schellinck, F., & Coppez, A. (1965). Recueil d'analyses des laves du fossé tectonique de l'Afrique centrale. Annales. Musée Roy. Afrique Centrale. Belgique, Ann. Ser. 8, Sci. Geol., 49, 1-234.
Thonnard, R. L. G., & Denaeyer, M. E. (1965). Carte volcanologique des Virunga, Feuille No. 1. 1:50000 and Introduction generale et Notice Explicative de la Feuille No. 1. Centre National de Volcanologie (Belgique), Bruxelles.
Bell, K., & Powell, J. L. (1969). Strontium isotopic studies of alkalic rocks: the potassium-rich lavas of the Birunga and Toro—Ankole Regions, East and Central Equatorial Africa. Journal of Petrology, 10(3), 536-572. doi.org/10.1093/petrology/10.3.536
Aoki, K., Ishiwaka, K., & Kanisawa, S. (1981). Fluorine geochemistry of basaltic rocks from continental and oceanic regions and petrogenetic application. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 76(1), 53-59. doi.org/10.1007/BF00373683
Hamaguchi, H. (1983). Volcanoes Nyiragongo and Nyamuragira: geophysical aspects. Tohoku Univ.
Ueki, S. (1983). Recent volcanism of Nyamuragira and Nyiragongo. Volcanoes Nyiragongo and Nyamuragira: geophysical aspects, 7-18.
Aoki, K. I., & Kurasawa, H. (1984). Sr isotope study of the tephrite series from Nyamuragira volcano, Zaire. Geochemical Journal, 18(2), 95-100. doi.org/10.2343/geochemj.18.95
Aoki, K. I., Yoshida, T., Yusa, K., & Nakamura, Y. (1985). Petrology and geochemistry of the Nyamuragira volcano, Zaire. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 25(1-2), 1-28. doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(85)90002-2
ⓘ Marcasite
Formula: FeS2
ⓘ Mascagnite
Formula: (NH4)2SO4
Description: Occurs around active volcanic fumaroles.
ⓘ 'Melilite Group'
Formula: Ca2M(XSiO7)
References:
Strübel, Zimmer: "Lexikon der Minerale", 2nd Ed., 1991
Richard, J.J. & Padang, M.N. 1957. Active volcanoes of the world. Part 4 Africa and the Red Sea. International Volcanological Association, Napoli, Italy.
Tazieff, H. 1975. Nyiragongo: the forbidden volcano. Cassell, London.
Sahama, G., & Meyer, A. (1958). Study of the volcano Niragongo. A progress Report, Exploration du parc National Albert, mission d’études volcanologiques, Fasc 2, 1-85.
Sahama, T. G. (1960). Kalsilite in the lavas of mt. Nyiragongo (Belgian Congo). Journal of Petrology, 1(2), 146-171.
Sahama, T. G. (1960). Kalsilite in the lavas of mt. Nyiragongo (Belgian Congo). Journal of Petrology, 1(2), 146-171. doi.org/10.1093/petrology/1.2.146
Denaeyer, M. E., Schellinck, F., & Coppez, A. (1965). Recueil d'analyses des laves du fossé tectonique de l'Afrique centrale. Annales. Musée Roy. Afrique Centrale. Belgique, Ann. Ser. 8, Sci. Geol., 49, 1-234.
Thonnard, R. L. G., & Denaeyer, M. E. (1965). Carte volcanologique des Virunga, Feuille No. 1. 1:50000 and Introduction generale et Notice Explicative de la Feuille No. 1. Centre National de Volcanologie (Belgique), Bruxelles.
Bell, K., & Powell, J. L. (1969). Strontium isotopic studies of alkalic rocks: the potassium-rich lavas of the Birunga and Toro—Ankole Regions, East and Central Equatorial Africa. Journal of Petrology, 10(3), 536-572. doi.org/10.1093/petrology/10.3.536
Denaeyer, M. E. (1972). LES LAVES DU FOSSE TECTONIQUE DE L'AFRIQUE CENTRALE (KIVU, RWANDA, TORO-ANKOLE). I. SUPPLEMENT AU RECUEIL D'ANALYSES DE 1965. II. MAGMATOLOGIE. Annales, Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, Belgique. Serie In 8º, Sciences Geologiques, 72.
Sahama, T. G. (1973). Evolution of the Nyiragongo magma. Journal of Petrology, 14(1), 33-48. doi.org/10.1093/petrology/14.1.33
Sahama, T. G. (1978). The Nyiragongo main cone. Annales, Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, Belgique. Serie In 8º, Sciences Geologiques 81.
Hamaguchi, H. (1983). Volcanoes Nyiragongo and Nyamuragira: geophysical aspects. Tohoku Univ.
Vollmer, R., & Norry, M. J. (1983). Possible origin of K-rich volcanic rocks from Virunga, East Africa, by metasomatism of continental crustal material: Pb, Nd and Sr isotopic evidence. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 64(3), 374-386. doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(83)90097-3
Tazieff, H. (1984). Mt. Niragongo: renewed activity of the lava lake. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 20(3-4), 267-280. doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(84)90043-X
GEE, L. L., & Sack, R. O. (1988). Experimental petrology of melilite nephelinites. Journal of Petrology, 29(6), 1233-1255. doi.org/10.1093/petrology/29.6.1233
Demant, A., Lestrade, P., Lubala, R. T., Kampunzu, A. B., & Durieux, J. (1994). Volcanological and petrological evolution of Nyiragongo volcano, Virunga volcanic field, Zaire. Bulletin of Volcanology, 56(1), 47-61. doi.org/10.1007/BF00279728
Haapala, I. L. M. A. R. I. (2011). Th. G. Sahama’s (1910–1983) volcanological and mineralogical studies in Africa: Part I. Expeditions to the Virunga Volcanic Field and petrological-mineralogical studies on the Nyiragongo volcano. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland, 83, 41-55.
ⓘ Meta-autunite
Formula: Ca(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 6H2O
ⓘ Metavanmeersscheite (TL)
Formula: U6+(UO2)3(PO4)2(OH)6 · 2H2O
Type Locality:
ⓘ Meymacite (TL)
Formula: WO3 · 2H2O
Type Locality:
ⓘ 'Mica Group'
References:
Denaeyer, M. E. (1958). Les syénites feldspathoïdiques du Kivu et leur rôle dans la genèse des laves des Virunga. Bulletin de la Société Belge de Géologie, Paléontologie et Hydrologie (Bruxelles), 67, 459-488. http://biblio.naturalsciences.be/rbins-publications/bulletin-de-la-societe-belge-de-geologie/067%20-%201958/bsbg_67_1958_p459-481.pdf
Denaeyer, M. E. (1959). Les syénites métasomatiques du massif de Kirumba: Mémoires de l’Académie Royale des Sciences Coloniales. Classe Sci. Tech. NS, 9(2).
Cahen, L., & Snelling, N. J. (1966). The geochronology of equatorial Africa. North-Holland Publishing Company.
Denaeyer, M. E. (1966). Sur la présence d'une carbonatite ankéritique (rauhaugite) en bordure du complexe alcalin de Kirumba (Kivu). Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, 263(1), 9-12.
Denayer, M. E. (1970). Rapports isotopiques O e C et condition d'affleurement dês carbonatites de 1'Affrique Central. Compt. Rend. D, 270, 2155-2158.
Kampunzu, A. B., Kramers, J. D., & Makutu, M. N. (1998). Rb Sr whole rock ages of the lueshe, Kirumba and Numbi igneous complexes (Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo) and the break-up of the Rodinia supercontinent. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 26(1), 29-36. doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(97)00134-6
ⓘ 'Mica Group var. Lepidomelane'
ⓘ Microcline
Formula: K(AlSi3O8)
Localities: Reported from at least 7 localities in this region.
ⓘ 'Microlite Group'
Formula: A2-mTa2X6-wZ-n
ⓘ Mitridatite
Formula: Ca2Fe3+3(PO4)3O2 · 3H2O
ⓘ Monazite-(Ce)
Formula: Ce(PO4)
ⓘ Montebrasite
Formula: LiAl(PO4)(OH)
ⓘ Montmorillonite
Formula: (Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O
ⓘ Moreauite (TL)
Formula: Al3(UO2)(PO4)3(OH)2 · 13H2O
Type Locality:
ⓘ Mundite (TL)
Formula: Al(UO2)3(PO4)2(OH)3 · 5.5H2O
Type Locality:
ⓘ Muscovite
Formula: KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Localities: Reported from at least 6 localities in this region.
ⓘ Muscovite var. Sericite
Formula: KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
ⓘ 'Muscovite-2M2'
ⓘ Nacrite
Formula: Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4
ⓘ Nepheline
Formula: Na3K(Al4Si4O16)
Localities: Reported from at least 11 localities in this region.
References:
Richard, J.J. & Padang, M.N. 1957. Active volcanoes of the world. Part 4 Africa and the Red Sea. International Volcanological Association, Napoli, Italy.
Holmes, A., & Harwood, H. F. (1937). The volcanic area of Bufumbira. Part 2. The petrology of the volcanic field of Bufumbria, south-west Uganda, and of other parts of the Birunga field. Geological Survey of Uganda, Memoir, 3 (Part 2).
Denaeyer, M. E., Schellinck, F., & Coppez, A. (1965). Recueil d'analyses des laves du fossé tectonique de l'Afrique centrale. Annales. Musée Roy. Afrique Centrale. Belgique, Ann. Ser. 8, Sci. Geol., 49, 1-234.
Thonnard, R. L. G., & Denaeyer, M. E. (1965). Carte volcanologique des Virunga, Feuille No. 1. 1:50000 and Introduction generale et Notice Explicative de la Feuille No. 1. Centre National de Volcanologie (Belgique), Bruxelles.
Bell, K., & Powell, J. L. (1969). Strontium isotopic studies of alkalic rocks: the potassium-rich lavas of the Birunga and Toro—Ankole Regions, East and Central Equatorial Africa. Journal of Petrology, 10(3), 536-572. doi.org/10.1093/petrology/10.3.536
Aoki, K., Ishiwaka, K., & Kanisawa, S. (1981). Fluorine geochemistry of basaltic rocks from continental and oceanic regions and petrogenetic application. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 76(1), 53-59. doi.org/10.1007/BF00373683
Hamaguchi, H. (1983). Volcanoes Nyiragongo and Nyamuragira: geophysical aspects. Tohoku Univ.
Ueki, S. (1983). Recent volcanism of Nyamuragira and Nyiragongo. Volcanoes Nyiragongo and Nyamuragira: geophysical aspects, 7-18.
Aoki, K. I., & Kurasawa, H. (1984). Sr isotope study of the tephrite series from Nyamuragira volcano, Zaire. Geochemical Journal, 18(2), 95-100. doi.org/10.2343/geochemj.18.95
Aoki, K. I., Yoshida, T., Yusa, K., & Nakamura, Y. (1985). Petrology and geochemistry of the Nyamuragira volcano, Zaire. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 25(1-2), 1-28. doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(85)90002-2
ⓘ Orthoclase
Formula: K(AlSi3O8)
ⓘ 'Parisite'
Formula: Ca(Ce/La/Nd/REE)2(CO3)3F2
ⓘ Parisite-(Ce)
Formula: CaCe2(CO3)3F2
ⓘ Pectolite
Formula: NaCa2Si3O8(OH)
ⓘ Perovskite
Formula: CaTiO3
References:
Richard, J.J. & Padang, M.N. 1957. Active volcanoes of the world. Part 4 Africa and the Red Sea. International Volcanological Association, Napoli, Italy.
Tazieff, H. 1975. Nyiragongo: the forbidden volcano. Cassell, London.
Sahama, G., & Meyer, A. (1958). Study of the volcano Niragongo. A progress Report, Exploration du parc National Albert, mission d’études volcanologiques, Fasc 2, 1-85.
Sahama, T. G. (1960). Kalsilite in the lavas of mt. Nyiragongo (Belgian Congo). Journal of Petrology, 1(2), 146-171.
Sahama, T. G. (1960). Kalsilite in the lavas of mt. Nyiragongo (Belgian Congo). Journal of Petrology, 1(2), 146-171. doi.org/10.1093/petrology/1.2.146
Denaeyer, M. E., Schellinck, F., & Coppez, A. (1965). Recueil d'analyses des laves du fossé tectonique de l'Afrique centrale. Annales. Musée Roy. Afrique Centrale. Belgique, Ann. Ser. 8, Sci. Geol., 49, 1-234.
Thonnard, R. L. G., & Denaeyer, M. E. (1965). Carte volcanologique des Virunga, Feuille No. 1. 1:50000 and Introduction generale et Notice Explicative de la Feuille No. 1. Centre National de Volcanologie (Belgique), Bruxelles.
Bell, K., & Powell, J. L. (1969). Strontium isotopic studies of alkalic rocks: the potassium-rich lavas of the Birunga and Toro—Ankole Regions, East and Central Equatorial Africa. Journal of Petrology, 10(3), 536-572. doi.org/10.1093/petrology/10.3.536
Denaeyer, M. E. (1972). LES LAVES DU FOSSE TECTONIQUE DE L'AFRIQUE CENTRALE (KIVU, RWANDA, TORO-ANKOLE). I. SUPPLEMENT AU RECUEIL D'ANALYSES DE 1965. II. MAGMATOLOGIE. Annales, Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, Belgique. Serie In 8º, Sciences Geologiques, 72.
Sahama, T. G. (1973). Evolution of the Nyiragongo magma. Journal of Petrology, 14(1), 33-48. doi.org/10.1093/petrology/14.1.33
Sahama, T. G. (1978). The Nyiragongo main cone. Annales, Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, Belgique. Serie In 8º, Sciences Geologiques 81.
Hamaguchi, H. (1983). Volcanoes Nyiragongo and Nyamuragira: geophysical aspects. Tohoku Univ.
Vollmer, R., & Norry, M. J. (1983). Possible origin of K-rich volcanic rocks from Virunga, East Africa, by metasomatism of continental crustal material: Pb, Nd and Sr isotopic evidence. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 64(3), 374-386. doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(83)90097-3
Tazieff, H. (1984). Mt. Niragongo: renewed activity of the lava lake. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 20(3-4), 267-280. doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(84)90043-X
GEE, L. L., & Sack, R. O. (1988). Experimental petrology of melilite nephelinites. Journal of Petrology, 29(6), 1233-1255. doi.org/10.1093/petrology/29.6.1233
Demant, A., Lestrade, P., Lubala, R. T., Kampunzu, A. B., & Durieux, J. (1994). Volcanological and petrological evolution of Nyiragongo volcano, Virunga volcanic field, Zaire. Bulletin of Volcanology, 56(1), 47-61. doi.org/10.1007/BF00279728
ⓘ Phlogopite
Formula: KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
ⓘ Phosphuranylite
Formula: KCa(H3O)3(UO2)7(PO4)4O4 · 8H2O
ⓘ Phuralumite (TL)
Formula: Al2[(UO2)3(PO4)2O(OH)](OH)3(H2O)9
Type Locality:
Habit: Prismatic crystals.
ⓘ 'Plagioclase'
Formula: (Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8
References:
Richard, J.J. & Padang, M.N. 1957. Active volcanoes of the world. Part 4 Africa and the Red Sea. International Volcanological Association, Napoli, Italy.
Holmes, A., & Harwood, H. F. (1937). The volcanic area of Bufumbira. Part 2. The petrology of the volcanic field of Bufumbria, south-west Uganda, and of other parts of the Birunga field. Geological Survey of Uganda, Memoir, 3 (Part 2).
Denaeyer, M. E., Schellinck, F., & Coppez, A. (1965). Recueil d'analyses des laves du fossé tectonique de l'Afrique centrale. Annales. Musée Roy. Afrique Centrale. Belgique, Ann. Ser. 8, Sci. Geol., 49, 1-234.
Thonnard, R. L. G., & Denaeyer, M. E. (1965). Carte volcanologique des Virunga, Feuille No. 1. 1:50000 and Introduction generale et Notice Explicative de la Feuille No. 1. Centre National de Volcanologie (Belgique), Bruxelles.
Bell, K., & Powell, J. L. (1969). Strontium isotopic studies of alkalic rocks: the potassium-rich lavas of the Birunga and Toro—Ankole Regions, East and Central Equatorial Africa. Journal of Petrology, 10(3), 536-572. doi.org/10.1093/petrology/10.3.536
Aoki, K., Ishiwaka, K., & Kanisawa, S. (1981). Fluorine geochemistry of basaltic rocks from continental and oceanic regions and petrogenetic application. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 76(1), 53-59. doi.org/10.1007/BF00373683
Hamaguchi, H. (1983). Volcanoes Nyiragongo and Nyamuragira: geophysical aspects. Tohoku Univ.
Ueki, S. (1983). Recent volcanism of Nyamuragira and Nyiragongo. Volcanoes Nyiragongo and Nyamuragira: geophysical aspects, 7-18.
Aoki, K. I., & Kurasawa, H. (1984). Sr isotope study of the tephrite series from Nyamuragira volcano, Zaire. Geochemical Journal, 18(2), 95-100. doi.org/10.2343/geochemj.18.95
Aoki, K. I., Yoshida, T., Yusa, K., & Nakamura, Y. (1985). Petrology and geochemistry of the Nyamuragira volcano, Zaire. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 25(1-2), 1-28. doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(85)90002-2
ⓘ Planerite
Formula: Al6(PO4)2(PO3OH)2(OH)8 · 4H2O
ⓘ 'Plumbomicrolite (of Hogarth 1977)' (FRL)
ⓘ Pyrite
Formula: FeS2
ⓘ 'Pyrochlore Group'
Formula: A2Nb2(O,OH)6Z
References:
Denaeyer, M. E. (1958). Les syénites feldspathoïdiques du Kivu et leur rôle dans la genèse des laves des Virunga. Bulletin de la Société Belge de Géologie, Paléontologie et Hydrologie (Bruxelles), 67, 459-488. http://biblio.naturalsciences.be/rbins-publications/bulletin-de-la-societe-belge-de-geologie/067%20-%201958/bsbg_67_1958_p459-481.pdf
Denaeyer, M. E. (1959). Les syénites métasomatiques du massif de Kirumba: Mémoires de l’Académie Royale des Sciences Coloniales. Classe Sci. Tech. NS, 9(2).
Cahen, L., & Snelling, N. J. (1966). The geochronology of equatorial Africa. North-Holland Publishing Company.
Denaeyer, M. E. (1966). Sur la présence d'une carbonatite ankéritique (rauhaugite) en bordure du complexe alcalin de Kirumba (Kivu). Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, 263(1), 9-12.
Denayer, M. E. (1970). Rapports isotopiques O e C et condition d'affleurement dês carbonatites de 1'Affrique Central. Compt. Rend. D, 270, 2155-2158.
Kampunzu, A. B., Kramers, J. D., & Makutu, M. N. (1998). Rb Sr whole rock ages of the lueshe, Kirumba and Numbi igneous complexes (Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo) and the break-up of the Rodinia supercontinent. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 26(1), 29-36. doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(97)00134-6
ⓘ 'Pyrochlore Group var. Zero valent dominant member of Pyrochlore Group'
Formula: A2Nb2(O,OH)6Z
Description: named as bariopyrochlore in Wall et al. (1997)
ⓘ 'Pyroxene Group'
Formula: ADSi2O6
Localities: Reported from at least 6 localities in this region.
References:
Richard, J.J. & Padang, M.N. 1957. Active volcanoes of the world. Part 4 Africa and the Red Sea. International Volcanological Association, Napoli, Italy.
Tazieff, H. 1975. Nyiragongo: the forbidden volcano. Cassell, London.
Sahama, G., & Meyer, A. (1958). Study of the volcano Niragongo. A progress Report, Exploration du parc National Albert, mission d’études volcanologiques, Fasc 2, 1-85.
Sahama, T. G. (1960). Kalsilite in the lavas of mt. Nyiragongo (Belgian Congo). Journal of Petrology, 1(2), 146-171. doi.org/10.1093/petrology/1.2.146
Denaeyer, M. E., Schellinck, F., & Coppez, A. (1965). Recueil d'analyses des laves du fossé tectonique de l'Afrique centrale. Annales. Musée Roy. Afrique Centrale. Belgique, Ann. Ser. 8, Sci. Geol., 49, 1-234.
Thonnard, R. L. G., & Denaeyer, M. E. (1965). Carte volcanologique des Virunga, Feuille No. 1. 1:50000 and Introduction generale et Notice Explicative de la Feuille No. 1. Centre National de Volcanologie (Belgique), Bruxelles.
Bell, K., & Powell, J. L. (1969). Strontium isotopic studies of alkalic rocks: the potassium-rich lavas of the Birunga and Toro—Ankole Regions, East and Central Equatorial Africa. Journal of Petrology, 10(3), 536-572. doi.org/10.1093/petrology/10.3.536
Denaeyer, M. E. (1972). LES LAVES DU FOSSE TECTONIQUE DE L'AFRIQUE CENTRALE (KIVU, RWANDA, TORO-ANKOLE). I. SUPPLEMENT AU RECUEIL D'ANALYSES DE 1965. II. MAGMATOLOGIE. Annales, Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, Belgique. Serie In 8º, Sciences Geologiques, 72.
Sahama, T. G. (1973). Evolution of the Nyiragongo magma. Journal of Petrology, 14(1), 33-48. doi.org/10.1093/petrology/14.1.33
Sahama, T. G. (1978). The Nyiragongo main cone. Annales, Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, Belgique. Serie In 8º, Sciences Geologiques 81.
Hamaguchi, H. (1983). Volcanoes Nyiragongo and Nyamuragira: geophysical aspects. Tohoku Univ.
Vollmer, R., & Norry, M. J. (1983). Possible origin of K-rich volcanic rocks from Virunga, East Africa, by metasomatism of continental crustal material: Pb, Nd and Sr isotopic evidence. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 64(3), 374-386. doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(83)90097-3
Tazieff, H. (1984). Mt. Niragongo: renewed activity of the lava lake. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 20(3-4), 267-280. doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(84)90043-X
GEE, L. L., & Sack, R. O. (1988). Experimental petrology of melilite nephelinites. Journal of Petrology, 29(6), 1233-1255. doi.org/10.1093/petrology/29.6.1233
Demant, A., Lestrade, P., Lubala, R. T., Kampunzu, A. B., & Durieux, J. (1994). Volcanological and petrological evolution of Nyiragongo volcano, Virunga volcanic field, Zaire. Bulletin of Volcanology, 56(1), 47-61. doi.org/10.1007/BF00279728
ⓘ Pyrrhotite
Formula: Fe1-xS
References:
Richard, J.J. & Padang, M.N. 1957. Active volcanoes of the world. Part 4 Africa and the Red Sea. International Volcanological Association, Napoli, Italy.
Holmes, A., & Harwood, H. F. (1937). The volcanic area of Bufumbira. Part 2. The petrology of the volcanic field of Bufumbria, south-west Uganda, and of other parts of the Birunga field. Geological Survey of Uganda, Memoir, 3 (Part 2).
Denaeyer, M. E., Schellinck, F., & Coppez, A. (1965). Recueil d'analyses des laves du fossé tectonique de l'Afrique centrale. Annales. Musée Roy. Afrique Centrale. Belgique, Ann. Ser. 8, Sci. Geol., 49, 1-234.
Thonnard, R. L. G., & Denaeyer, M. E. (1965). Carte volcanologique des Virunga, Feuille No. 1. 1:50000 and Introduction generale et Notice Explicative de la Feuille No. 1. Centre National de Volcanologie (Belgique), Bruxelles.
Bell, K., & Powell, J. L. (1969). Strontium isotopic studies of alkalic rocks: the potassium-rich lavas of the Birunga and Toro—Ankole Regions, East and Central Equatorial Africa. Journal of Petrology, 10(3), 536-572. doi.org/10.1093/petrology/10.3.536
Aoki, K., Ishiwaka, K., & Kanisawa, S. (1981). Fluorine geochemistry of basaltic rocks from continental and oceanic regions and petrogenetic application. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 76(1), 53-59. doi.org/10.1007/BF00373683
Hamaguchi, H. (1983). Volcanoes Nyiragongo and Nyamuragira: geophysical aspects. Tohoku Univ.
Ueki, S. (1983). Recent volcanism of Nyamuragira and Nyiragongo. Volcanoes Nyiragongo and Nyamuragira: geophysical aspects, 7-18.
Aoki, K. I., & Kurasawa, H. (1984). Sr isotope study of the tephrite series from Nyamuragira volcano, Zaire. Geochemical Journal, 18(2), 95-100. doi.org/10.2343/geochemj.18.95
Aoki, K. I., Yoshida, T., Yusa, K., & Nakamura, Y. (1985). Petrology and geochemistry of the Nyamuragira volcano, Zaire. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 25(1-2), 1-28. doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(85)90002-2
ⓘ Quartz
Formula: SiO2
Localities: Reported from at least 11 localities in this region.
References:
implications sur l'évolution magmatique et structurale. Geologische Rundschau, 69(1), 49-62. doi.org/10.1007/BF01869023
N.. Boutakoff. (1956). Les Massifs volcaniques du Kahusi et du Biega (Kivu, Congo belge). Memoires de l'Institut Geologique de l'Universite de Louvain, 9 (5), 1-41.
Bellon, H., & Pouclet, A. (1980). Datations K-Ar de quelques laves du Rift-Ouest de l'Afrique Centrale
BIAYI, K. (1981). LES TRACHYTES DANS LES LAVES ACIDES DU KAHUZI (KIRU, ZAIRE). DONNEES PETROGRAPHIQUES ET CHIMIQUES. Rapport Annuel Pour l'Annee 1980 du Department de Geologie et de Mineralogie du Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, Belgique, 179-194.
VELLUTINI, P., BONHOMME, M., CARON, J., KAMPUNZU, A., & LUBALA, T. (1981). ON THE TECTONIC SIGNIFICANCE OF THE ALKALINE ACIDIC COMPLEXES OF KAHUZI AND BIEGA (KIVU, ZAIRE). COMPTES RENDUS DE L ACADEMIE DES SCIENCES SERIE II, 292(14), 1027-1029.
Biayi-Kalala, W. (1983). Les syenites et les granites du complexe du Kahuzi (Kivu, Zaïre) données pétrographiques et chimiques. Rapport Annuel Pour l'Annee 1980 du Department de Geologie et de Mineralogie du Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, Belgique (1981-1982), 47-59.
Kampunzu, A. B., Lubala, R. T., Makutu, M. N., Caron, J. P., Rocci, G., & Vellutini, P. J. (1985). Les complexes alcalins de la région interlacustre à l'est du Zaïre et au Burundi: un exemple de massifs anorogéniques de relaxation. Journal of African Earth Sciences (1983), 3(1-2), 151-167. doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(85)90033-8
Lubala, R. T., Kampunzu, A. B., & Makutu, M. N. (1985). Un inventaire des complexes anorogéniques du Burundi, du Ruanda et du Zaïre. Journal of African Earth Sciences (1983), 3(1-2), 169-174. doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(85)90034-X
ⓘ Rankamaite (TL)
Formula: (Na,K)3(Ta,Nb,Al)11(O,OH)31
Type Locality:
ⓘ Ranunculite (TL)
Formula: HAl(UO2)(PO4)(OH)3 · 4H2O
Type Locality:
ⓘ 'Rhabdophane'
ⓘ Riebeckite
Formula: ◻[Na2][Fe2+3Fe3+2]Si8O22(OH)2
ⓘ Rockbridgeite
Formula: Fe2+Fe3+4(PO4)3(OH)5
ⓘ Rutherfordine
Formula: (UO2)CO3
ⓘ Rutile
Formula: TiO2
ⓘ Rutile var. Ilmenorutile
Formula: (Ti,Nb)O2
ⓘ Saléeite
Formula: Mg(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 10H2O
ⓘ Sanidine
Formula: K(AlSi3O8)
References:
Richard, J.J. & Padang, M.N. 1957. Active volcanoes of the world. Part 4 Africa and the Red Sea. International Volcanological Association, Napoli, Italy.
Holmes, A., & Harwood, H. F. (1937). The volcanic area of Bufumbira. Part 2. The petrology of the volcanic field of Bufumbria, south-west Uganda, and of other parts of the Birunga field. Geological Survey of Uganda, Memoir, 3 (Part 2).
Denaeyer, M. E., Schellinck, F., & Coppez, A. (1965). Recueil d'analyses des laves du fossé tectonique de l'Afrique centrale. Annales. Musée Roy. Afrique Centrale. Belgique, Ann. Ser. 8, Sci. Geol., 49, 1-234.
Thonnard, R. L. G., & Denaeyer, M. E. (1965). Carte volcanologique des Virunga, Feuille No. 1. 1:50000 and Introduction generale et Notice Explicative de la Feuille No. 1. Centre National de Volcanologie (Belgique), Bruxelles.
Bell, K., & Powell, J. L. (1969). Strontium isotopic studies of alkalic rocks: the potassium-rich lavas of the Birunga and Toro—Ankole Regions, East and Central Equatorial Africa. Journal of Petrology, 10(3), 536-572. doi.org/10.1093/petrology/10.3.536
Aoki, K., Ishiwaka, K., & Kanisawa, S. (1981). Fluorine geochemistry of basaltic rocks from continental and oceanic regions and petrogenetic application. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 76(1), 53-59. doi.org/10.1007/BF00373683
Hamaguchi, H. (1983). Volcanoes Nyiragongo and Nyamuragira: geophysical aspects. Tohoku Univ.
Ueki, S. (1983). Recent volcanism of Nyamuragira and Nyiragongo. Volcanoes Nyiragongo and Nyamuragira: geophysical aspects, 7-18.
Aoki, K. I., & Kurasawa, H. (1984). Sr isotope study of the tephrite series from Nyamuragira volcano, Zaire. Geochemical Journal, 18(2), 95-100. doi.org/10.2343/geochemj.18.95
Aoki, K. I., Yoshida, T., Yusa, K., & Nakamura, Y. (1985). Petrology and geochemistry of the Nyamuragira volcano, Zaire. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 25(1-2), 1-28. doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(85)90002-2
ⓘ Scheelite
Formula: Ca(WO4)
ⓘ Scorodite
Formula: Fe3+AsO4 · 2H2O
Colour: Green
Description: Green crust on massive arsenopyrite
ⓘ Sillimanite
Formula: Al2(SiO4)O
ⓘ Simpsonite
Formula: Al4Ta3O13(OH)
ⓘ Sodalite
Formula: Na4(Si3Al3)O12Cl
Localities: Reported from at least 10 localities in this region.
References:
Richard, J.J. & Padang, M.N. 1957. Active volcanoes of the world. Part 4 Africa and the Red Sea. International Volcanological Association, Napoli, Italy.
Holmes, A., & Harwood, H. F. (1937). The volcanic area of Bufumbira. Part 2. The petrology of the volcanic field of Bufumbria, south-west Uganda, and of other parts of the Birunga field. Geological Survey of Uganda, Memoir, 3 (Part 2).
Denaeyer, M. E., Schellinck, F., & Coppez, A. (1965). Recueil d'analyses des laves du fossé tectonique de l'Afrique centrale. Annales. Musée Roy. Afrique Centrale. Belgique, Ann. Ser. 8, Sci. Geol., 49, 1-234.
Thonnard, R. L. G., & Denaeyer, M. E. (1965). Carte volcanologique des Virunga, Feuille No. 1. 1:50000 and Introduction generale et Notice Explicative de la Feuille No. 1. Centre National de Volcanologie (Belgique), Bruxelles.
Bell, K., & Powell, J. L. (1969). Strontium isotopic studies of alkalic rocks: the potassium-rich lavas of the Birunga and Toro—Ankole Regions, East and Central Equatorial Africa. Journal of Petrology, 10(3), 536-572. doi.org/10.1093/petrology/10.3.536
Aoki, K., Ishiwaka, K., & Kanisawa, S. (1981). Fluorine geochemistry of basaltic rocks from continental and oceanic regions and petrogenetic application. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 76(1), 53-59. doi.org/10.1007/BF00373683
Hamaguchi, H. (1983). Volcanoes Nyiragongo and Nyamuragira: geophysical aspects. Tohoku Univ.
Ueki, S. (1983). Recent volcanism of Nyamuragira and Nyiragongo. Volcanoes Nyiragongo and Nyamuragira: geophysical aspects, 7-18.
Aoki, K. I., & Kurasawa, H. (1984). Sr isotope study of the tephrite series from Nyamuragira volcano, Zaire. Geochemical Journal, 18(2), 95-100. doi.org/10.2343/geochemj.18.95
Aoki, K. I., Yoshida, T., Yusa, K., & Nakamura, Y. (1985). Petrology and geochemistry of the Nyamuragira volcano, Zaire. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 25(1-2), 1-28. doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(85)90002-2
ⓘ 'Sodic amphibole'
ⓘ 'Sodic plagioclase'
ⓘ Sperrylite
Formula: PtAs2
ⓘ Spessartine
Formula: Mn2+3Al2(SiO4)3
ⓘ Sphalerite
Formula: ZnS
ⓘ Spinel
Formula: MgAl2O4
ⓘ Spodumene
Formula: LiAlSi2O6
ⓘ Staurolite
Formula: Fe2+2Al9Si4O23(OH)
ⓘ Stibnite
Formula: Sb2S3
ⓘ Strontianite
Formula: SrCO3
ⓘ Studtite
Formula: [(UO2)(O2)(H2O)2] · H2O
ⓘ Sulphur
Formula: S8
ⓘ Sylvite
Formula: KCl
ⓘ Synchysite-(Ce)
Formula: CaCe(CO3)2F
ⓘ 'Synchysite Group'
ⓘ Taenite
Formula: (Fe,Ni)
ⓘ Talc
Formula: Mg3Si4O10(OH)2
ⓘ 'Tantalite'
Formula: (Mn,Fe)(Ta,Nb)2O6
ⓘ Tantalite-(Fe)
Formula: Fe2+Ta2O6
ⓘ Tantalite-(Mn)
Formula: Mn2+Ta2O6
ⓘ Tapiolite-(Fe)
Formula: Fe2+Ta2O6
ⓘ Tetraferriphlogopite
Formula: KMg3(Fe3+Si3O10)(OH,F)2
ⓘ Thénardite
Formula: Na2SO4
ⓘ Thoreaulite
Formula: Sn2+Ta2O6
ⓘ Thorite
Formula: Th(SiO4)
ⓘ Threadgoldite (TL)
Formula: Al(UO2)2(PO4)2(OH) · 8H2O
Type Locality:
Habit: Micaceous crust
ⓘ Titanite
Formula: CaTi(SiO4)O
Localities: Reported from at least 6 localities in this region.
ⓘ Topaz
Formula: Al2(SiO4)(F,OH)2
ⓘ 'Tourmaline'
Formula: AD3G6 (T6O18)(BO3)3X3Z
ⓘ Triangulite (TL)
Formula: Al3(UO2)4(PO4)4(OH)5 · 5H2O
Type Locality:
ⓘ Trikalsilite (TL)
Formula: K2NaAl3(SiO4)3
Type Locality:
ⓘ Troilite
Formula: FeS
ⓘ Tschermigite
Formula: (NH4)Al(SO4)2 · 12H2O
ⓘ 'UM1975-16-SO:HKZn'
Formula: K2Zn(SO4)2 · 2H2O
ⓘ Umbrianite
Formula: K7Na2Ca2[Al3Si10O29]F2Cl2
ⓘ Upalite (TL)
Formula: Al(UO2)3(PO4)2O(OH) · 7H2O
Type Locality:
ⓘ Uraninite
Formula: UO2
ⓘ 'Uranium Mica'
ⓘ Vanmeersscheite (TL)
Formula: U6+(UO2)3(PO4)2(OH)6 · 4H2O
Type Locality:
ⓘ Variscite
Formula: AlPO4 · 2H2O
ⓘ Varlamoffite (TL)
Formula: (Sn,Fe)(O,OH)2
ⓘ Vermiculite
Formula: Mg0.7(Mg,Fe,Al)6(Si,Al)8O20(OH)4 · 8H2O
ⓘ Vishnevite
Formula: (Na,K)8(Al6Si6O24)(SO4,CO3) · 2H2O
ⓘ 'Wad'
ⓘ Wakefieldite-(Ce)
Formula: Ce(VO4)
ⓘ Wavellite
Formula: Al3(PO4)2(OH,F)3 · 5H2O
ⓘ Waylandite
Formula: BiAl3(PO4)2(OH)6
ⓘ Wodginite
Formula: Mn2+Sn4+Ta2O8
ⓘ 'Wolframite Group'
ⓘ Wollastonite
Formula: Ca3(Si3O9)
ⓘ Xenotime-(Y)
Formula: Y(PO4)
ⓘ Ximengite
Formula: Bi(PO4)
ⓘ Zaïrite (TL)
Formula: BiFe3+3(PO4)2(OH)6
Type Locality:
Description: The mineral occurs in small masses, associated with mica and another bismuth phosphate, apparently new, in the zone of weathering of quartz veins containing wolframite.
ⓘ 'Zeolite Group'
ⓘ Zircon
Formula: Zr(SiO4)
References:
Denaeyer, M. E. (1958). Les syénites feldspathoïdiques du Kivu et leur rôle dans la genèse des laves des Virunga. Bulletin de la Société Belge de Géologie, Paléontologie et Hydrologie (Bruxelles), 67, 459-488. http://biblio.naturalsciences.be/rbins-publications/bulletin-de-la-societe-belge-de-geologie/067%20-%201958/bsbg_67_1958_p459-481.pdf
Denaeyer, M. E. (1959). Les syénites métasomatiques du massif de Kirumba: Mémoires de l’Académie Royale des Sciences Coloniales. Classe Sci. Tech. NS, 9(2).
Cahen, L., & Snelling, N. J. (1966). The geochronology of equatorial Africa. North-Holland Publishing Company.
Denaeyer, M. E. (1966). Sur la présence d'une carbonatite ankéritique (rauhaugite) en bordure du complexe alcalin de Kirumba (Kivu). Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, 263(1), 9-12.
Denayer, M. E. (1970). Rapports isotopiques O e C et condition d'affleurement dês carbonatites de 1'Affrique Central. Compt. Rend. D, 270, 2155-2158.
Kampunzu, A. B., Kramers, J. D., & Makutu, M. N. (1998). Rb Sr whole rock ages of the lueshe, Kirumba and Numbi igneous complexes (Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo) and the break-up of the Rodinia supercontinent. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 26(1), 29-36. doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(97)00134-6
ⓘ Zircon var. Cyrtolite
Formula: Zr[(SiO4),(OH)4]

Gallery:

AlTh(UO2)7(PO4)4(OH)5O2 · 15H2Oⓘ Althupite (TL)
trans.png
Althupite

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
trans.png
Althupite, etc.

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
trans.png
Althupite

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
trans.png
Althupite

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
trans.png
Althupite, etc.

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
trans.png
Althupite

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
trans.png
Althupite

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
trans.png
Althupite, etc.

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
Al2(PO4)(OH)3 · 4-5H2Oⓘ Bolivarite
trans.png
Bolivarite

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
trans.png
Bolivarite

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
trans.png
Bolivarite

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
SnO2ⓘ Cassiterite
trans.png
Cassiterite

Mumba cassiterite gravels, Mumba, Osso, Masisi Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
trans.png
Cassiterite

Kalima, Maniema, DR Congo
trans.png
Cassiterite

Mumba cassiterite gravels, Mumba, Osso, Masisi Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
trans.png
Cassiterite

Kalima, Maniema, DR Congo
trans.png
Cassiterite

Mumba cassiterite gravels, Mumba, Osso, Masisi Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
trans.png
Cassiterite

Kalima, Maniema, DR Congo
Th0.75Al3(PO4)2(OH)6ⓘ Eylettersite (TL)
trans.png
Eylettersite, etc.

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
trans.png
Eylettersite

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
trans.png
Eylettersite, etc.

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
trans.png
Eylettersite, etc.

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
trans.png
Eylettersite

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
trans.png
Eylettersite, etc.

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
trans.png
Eylettersite, etc.

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
trans.png
Eylettersite

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
Al13(UO2)7(PO4)13(OH)14 · 58H2Oⓘ Furongite
trans.png
Furongite

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
trans.png
Furongite

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
trans.png
Furongite, etc.

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
trans.png
Furongite

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
trans.png
Furongite

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
trans.png
Furongite, etc.

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
trans.png
Furongite

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
trans.png
Furongite

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
(H2O,◻)2Nb2(O,OH)6(H2O)ⓘ Hydropyrochlore (TL)
trans.png
Hydropyrochlore

Lueshe Mine, Bwito, Rutshuru Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
trans.png
Hydropyrochlore

Lueshe Mine, Bwito, Rutshuru Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
trans.png
Hydropyrochlore

Lueshe Mine, Bwito, Rutshuru Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
trans.png
Hydropyrochlore

Lueshe Mine, Bwito, Rutshuru Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
trans.png
Hydropyrochlore

Lueshe Mine, Bwito, Rutshuru Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
trans.png
Hydropyrochlore

Lueshe Mine, Bwito, Rutshuru Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
trans.png
Hydropyrochlore

Lueshe Mine, Bwito, Rutshuru Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
trans.png
Hydropyrochlore

Lueshe Mine, Bwito, Rutshuru Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
PbAl[(UO2)5(PO4)2.38(AsO4)0.62O2(OH)2] · 11.5H2Oⓘ Kamitugaite (TL)
trans.png
Kamitugaite, etc.

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
trans.png
Kamitugaite

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
trans.png
Kamitugaite

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
trans.png
Kamitugaite, etc.

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
trans.png
Kamitugaite

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
trans.png
Kamitugaite

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
trans.png
Kamitugaite, etc.

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
trans.png
Kamitugaite

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
Al6(PO4)4(OH)6 · 11H2O ⓘ Kobokoboite (TL)
trans.png
Kobokoboite

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
trans.png
Kobokoboite

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
trans.png
Kobokoboite

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
trans.png
Kobokoboite

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
trans.png
Kobokoboite

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
trans.png
Kobokoboite

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
trans.png
Kobokoboite

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
trans.png
Kobokoboite

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
trans.png
Kobokoboite

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
trans.png
Kobokoboite

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
NaNbO3ⓘ Lueshite (TL)
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Lueshite

Lueshe Mine, Bwito, Rutshuru Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
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Lueshite

Lueshe Mine, Bwito, Rutshuru Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
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Lueshite

Lueshe Mine, Bwito, Rutshuru Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
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Lueshite

Lueshe Mine, Bwito, Rutshuru Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
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Lueshite

Lueshe Mine, Bwito, Rutshuru Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
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Lueshite

Lueshe Mine, Bwito, Rutshuru Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
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Lueshite

Lueshe Mine, Bwito, Rutshuru Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
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Lueshite

Lueshe Mine, Bwito, Rutshuru Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
Fe2+Fe3+2O4ⓘ Magnetite
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Magnetite

Nyiragongo Volcano, Nyiragongo Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
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Magnetite

Nyiragongo Volcano, Nyiragongo Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
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Magnetite

Nyiragongo Volcano, Nyiragongo Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
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Magnetite

Nyiragongo Volcano, Nyiragongo Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
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Magnetite

Nyiragongo Volcano, Nyiragongo Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
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Magnetite

Nyiragongo Volcano, Nyiragongo Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
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Magnetite

Nyiragongo Volcano, Nyiragongo Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
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Magnetite

Nyiragongo Volcano, Nyiragongo Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
Al3(UO2)(PO4)3(OH)2 · 13H2Oⓘ Moreauite (TL)
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Moreauite

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
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Moreauite

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
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Moreauite

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
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Moreauite

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
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Moreauite

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
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Moreauite

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
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Moreauite

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
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Moreauite

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
Al(UO2)3(PO4)2(OH)3 · 5.5H2Oⓘ Mundite (TL)
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Mundite

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
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Mundite

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
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Mundite

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
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Mundite

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
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Mundite

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
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Mundite

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
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Mundite

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
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Mundite

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
Al2[(UO2)3(PO4)2O(OH)](OH)3(H2O)9ⓘ Phuralumite (TL)
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Phuralumite

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
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Phuralumite

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
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Phuralumite

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
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Phuralumite

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
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Phuralumite

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
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Phuralumite

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
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Phuralumite

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
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Phuralumite

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
ⓘ 'Plumbomicrolite (of Hogarth 1977)' (FRL)
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Plumbomicrolite (of Hogarth 1977)

Mumba cassiterite gravels, Mumba, Osso, Masisi Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
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Plumbomicrolite (of Hogarth 1977)

Mumba cassiterite gravels, Mumba, Osso, Masisi Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
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Plumbomicrolite (of Hogarth 1977)

Mumba cassiterite gravels, Mumba, Osso, Masisi Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
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Plumbomicrolite (of Hogarth 1977)

Mumba cassiterite gravels, Mumba, Osso, Masisi Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
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Plumbomicrolite (of Hogarth 1977)

Mumba cassiterite gravels, Mumba, Osso, Masisi Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
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Plumbomicrolite (of Hogarth 1977)

Mumba cassiterite gravels, Mumba, Osso, Masisi Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
A2Nb2(O,OH)6Zⓘ 'Pyrochlore Group'
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Pyrochlore Group

Lueshe Mine, Bwito, Rutshuru Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
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Pyrochlore Group

Lueshe Mine, Bwito, Rutshuru Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
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Pyrochlore Group

Lueshe Mine, Bwito, Rutshuru Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
(Na,K)3(Ta,Nb,Al)11(O,OH)31ⓘ Rankamaite (TL)
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Rankamaite

Mumba cassiterite gravels, Mumba, Osso, Masisi Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
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Rankamaite, etc.

Mumba cassiterite gravels, Mumba, Osso, Masisi Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
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Rankamaite

Mumba cassiterite gravels, Mumba, Osso, Masisi Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
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Rankamaite

Mumba cassiterite gravels, Mumba, Osso, Masisi Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
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Rankamaite, etc.

Mumba cassiterite gravels, Mumba, Osso, Masisi Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
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Rankamaite

Mumba cassiterite gravels, Mumba, Osso, Masisi Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
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Rankamaite

Mumba cassiterite gravels, Mumba, Osso, Masisi Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
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Rankamaite, etc.

Mumba cassiterite gravels, Mumba, Osso, Masisi Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
HAl(UO2)(PO4)(OH)3 · 4H2Oⓘ Ranunculite (TL)
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Ranunculite

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
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Ranunculite

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
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Ranunculite

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
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Ranunculite

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
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Ranunculite

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
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Ranunculite

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
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Ranunculite

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
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Ranunculite

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
Mn2+Ta2O6ⓘ Tantalite-(Mn)
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Tantalite-(Mn)

Mumba cassiterite gravels, Mumba, Osso, Masisi Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
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Tantalite-(Mn)

Mumba cassiterite gravels, Mumba, Osso, Masisi Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
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Tantalite-(Mn)

Mumba cassiterite gravels, Mumba, Osso, Masisi Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
Al(UO2)2(PO4)2(OH) · 8H2Oⓘ Threadgoldite (TL)
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Threadgoldite

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
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Threadgoldite

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
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Threadgoldite

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
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Threadgoldite

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
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Threadgoldite

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
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Threadgoldite

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
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Threadgoldite

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
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Threadgoldite

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
Al3(UO2)4(PO4)4(OH)5 · 5H2Oⓘ Triangulite (TL)
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Triangulite

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
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Triangulite

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
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Triangulite, etc.

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
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Triangulite

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
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Triangulite

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
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Triangulite, etc.

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
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Triangulite

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
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Triangulite

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
Al(UO2)3(PO4)2O(OH) · 7H2Oⓘ Upalite (TL)
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Upalite

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
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Upalite

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
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Upalite

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
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Upalite

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
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Upalite

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
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Upalite

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
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Upalite

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
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Upalite

Kobokobo pegmatite, Shabunda Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
BiFe3+3(PO4)2(OH)6ⓘ Zaïrite (TL)
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Zaïrite

Eta-Etu, Bapere, Lubero Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
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Zaïrite

Eta-Etu, Bapere, Lubero Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
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Zaïrite

Eta-Etu, Bapere, Lubero Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
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Zaïrite

Eta-Etu, Bapere, Lubero Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
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Zaïrite

Eta-Etu, Bapere, Lubero Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
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Zaïrite

Eta-Etu, Bapere, Lubero Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo

List of minerals arranged by Strunz 10th Edition classification

Group 1 - Elements
ⓘKitagohaite (TL)1.A0.Pt7Cu
ⓘGold1.AA.05Au
ⓘCopper1.AA.05Cu
ⓘIron1.AE.05Fe
ⓘvar. Kamacite1.AE.05(Fe,Ni)
ⓘTaenite1.AE.10(Fe,Ni)
ⓘHongshiite1.AG.45PtCu
ⓘBismuth1.CA.05Bi
ⓘArsenic1.CA.05As
ⓘGraphite1.CB.05aC
ⓘSulphur1.CC.05S8
Group 2 - Sulphides and Sulfosalts
ⓘLuberoite2.BC.35Pt5Se4
ⓘSphalerite2.CB.05aZnS
ⓘChalcopyrite2.CB.10aCuFeS2
ⓘTroilite2.CC.10FeS
ⓘPyrrhotite2.CC.10Fe1-xS
ⓘGalena2.CD.10PbS
ⓘStibnite2.DB.05Sb2S3
ⓘBismuthinite2.DB.05Bi2S3
ⓘPyrite2.EB.05aFeS2
ⓘSperrylite2.EB.05aPtAs2
ⓘAurostibite2.EB.05aAuSb2
ⓘMarcasite2.EB.10aFeS2
ⓘArsenopyrite2.EB.20FeAsS
ⓘChlorbartonite ?2.FC.10K6Fe24S26(Cl,S)
Group 3 - Halides
ⓘSylvite3.AA.20KCl
ⓘHalite3.AA.20NaCl
ⓘFluorite3.AB.25CaF2
ⓘElpasolite3.CB.15K2NaAlF6
ⓘHieratite3.CH.15K2[SiF6]
Group 4 - Oxides and Hydroxides
ⓘ'Pyrochlore Group
var. Zero valent dominant member of Pyrochlore Group'		4.00.A2Nb2(O,OH)6Z
ⓘ''4.00.A2Nb2(O,OH)6Z
ⓘGoethite4.00.α-Fe3+O(OH)
ⓘ'Microlite Group'4.00.A2-mTa2X6-wZ-n
ⓘMagnetite
var. Titanium-bearing Magnetite		4.BB.05Fe2+(Fe3+,Ti)2O4
ⓘ4.BB.05Fe2+Fe3+2O4
ⓘChromite4.BB.05Fe2+Cr3+2O4
ⓘSpinel4.BB.05MgAl2O4
ⓘHematite4.CB.05Fe2O3
ⓘIlmenite4.CB.05Fe2+TiO3
ⓘBismite4.CB.60Bi2O3
ⓘPerovskite4.CC.30CaTiO3
ⓘLueshite (TL)4.CC.30NaNbO3
ⓘDavidite-(La)4.CC.40La(Y,U)Fe2(Ti,Fe,Cr,V)18(O,OH,F)38
ⓘQuartz4.DA.05SiO2
ⓘVarlamoffite (TL)4.DB.05(Sn,Fe)(O,OH)2
ⓘRutile
var. Ilmenorutile		4.DB.05(Ti,Nb)O2
ⓘCassiterite4.DB.05SnO2
ⓘRutile4.DB.05TiO2
ⓘTapiolite-(Fe)4.DB.10Fe2+Ta2O6
ⓘFerberite4.DB.30FeWO4
ⓘ'Wolframite Group'4.DB.30 va
ⓘTantalite-(Fe)4.DB.35Fe2+Ta2O6
ⓘColumbite-(Fe)4.DB.35Fe2+Nb2O6
ⓘTantalite-(Mn)4.DB.35Mn2+Ta2O6
ⓘColumbite-(Mn)4.DB.35Mn2+Nb2O6
ⓘFerrowodginite4.DB.40Fe2+Sn4+Ta2O8
ⓘLithiowodginite4.DB.40LiTa3O8
ⓘWodginite4.DB.40Mn2+Sn4+Ta2O8
ⓘSimpsonite4.DC.10Al4Ta3O13(OH)
ⓘBaddeleyite4.DE.35ZrO2
ⓘFersmite4.DG.05(Ca,Ce,Na)(Nb,Ta,Ti)2(O,OH,F)6
ⓘFoordite4.DG.15Sn2+Nb2O6
ⓘThoreaulite4.DG.15Sn2+Ta2O6
ⓘHydropyrochlore (TL)4.DH.15(H2O,◻)2Nb2(O,OH)6(H2O)
ⓘ'Plumbomicrolite (of Hogarth 1977)' (TL)4.DH.15
ⓘUraninite4.DL.05UO2
ⓘRankamaite (TL)4.DM.05(Na,K)3(Ta,Nb,Al)11(O,OH)31
ⓘCesplumtantite4.DM.15(Cs,Na)2(Pb,Sb3+)3Ta8O24
ⓘGibbsite4.FE.10Al(OH)3
ⓘLithiophorite4.FE.25(Al,Li)MnO2(OH)2
ⓘMeymacite (TL)4.FJ.05WO3 · 2H2O
ⓘStudtite4.GA.15[(UO2)(O2)(H2O)2] · H2O
Group 5 - Nitrates and Carbonates
ⓘCalcite5.AB.05CaCO3
ⓘMagnesite5.AB.05MgCO3
ⓘDolomite
var. Iron-bearing Dolomite		5.AB.10Ca(Mg,Fe)(CO3)2
ⓘ5.AB.10CaMg(CO3)2
ⓘAnkerite5.AB.10Ca(Fe2+,Mg)(CO3)2
ⓘStrontianite5.AB.15SrCO3
ⓘParisite-(Ce)5.BD.20bCaCe2(CO3)3F2
ⓘSynchysite-(Ce)5.BD.20cCaCe(CO3)2F
ⓘBismutite5.BE.25(BiO)2CO3
ⓘAncylite-(Ce)5.DC.05CeSr(CO3)2(OH) · H2O
ⓘRutherfordine5.EB.05(UO2)CO3
Group 7 - Sulphates, Chromates, Molybdates and Tungstates
ⓘAphthitalite7.AC.35(K,Na)3Na(SO4)2
ⓘMascagnite7.AD.05(NH4)2SO4
ⓘThénardite7.AD.25Na2SO4
ⓘAnglesite7.AD.35PbSO4
ⓘBaryte7.AD.35BaSO4
ⓘCelestine7.AD.35SrSO4
ⓘJarosite7.BC.10KFe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6
ⓘChalcanthite7.CB.20CuSO4 · 5H2O
ⓘTschermigite7.CC.20(NH4)Al(SO4)2 · 12H2O
ⓘGypsum7.CD.40CaSO4 · 2H2O
ⓘScheelite7.GA.05Ca(WO4)
ⓘAnthoinite (TL)7.GB.35AlWO3(OH)3
Group 8 - Phosphates, Arsenates and Vanadates
ⓘWakefieldite-(Ce)8.AD.35Ce(VO4)
ⓘXenotime-(Y)8.AD.35Y(PO4)
ⓘXimengite8.AD.45Bi(PO4)
ⓘMonazite-(Ce)8.AD.50Ce(PO4)
ⓘMontebrasite8.BB.05LiAl(PO4)(OH)
ⓘAmblygonite8.BB.05LiAl(PO4)F
ⓘRockbridgeite8.BC.10Fe2+Fe3+4(PO4)3(OH)5
ⓘFrondelite8.BC.10Mn2+Fe3+4(PO4)3(OH)5
ⓘEylettersite (TL)8.BL.10Th0.75Al3(PO4)2(OH)6
ⓘBenauite8.BL.10SrFe3+3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6
ⓘCrandallite8.BL.10CaAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6
ⓘGoyazite8.BL.10SrAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6
ⓘWaylandite8.BL.13BiAl3(PO4)2(OH)6
ⓘZaïrite (TL)8.BL.13BiFe3+3(PO4)2(OH)6
ⓘHydroxylapatite8.BN.05Ca5(PO4)3(OH)
ⓘHureaulite8.CB.10Mn2+5(PO3OH)2(PO4)2 · 4H2O
ⓘVariscite8.CD.10AlPO4 · 2H2O
ⓘScorodite8.CD.10Fe3+AsO4 · 2H2O
ⓘBermanite8.DC.20Mn2+Mn3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2O
ⓘWavellite8.DC.50Al3(PO4)2(OH,F)3 · 5H2O
ⓘ'Coeruleolactite'8.DD.15
ⓘAfmite8.DD.15Al3(OH)4(H2O)3(PO4)(PO3OH) · H2O
ⓘPlanerite8.DD.15Al6(PO4)2(PO3OH)2(OH)8 · 4H2O
ⓘKobokoboite (TL)8.DD.25Al6(PO4)4(OH)6 · 11H2O
ⓘEvansite8.DF.10Al3(PO4)(OH)6 · 6H2O
ⓘBolivarite8.DF.10Al2(PO4)(OH)3 · 4-5H2O
ⓘKeckite8.DH.15CaMn2+(Fe3+Mn2+)Fe3+2(PO4)4(OH)3 · 7H2O
ⓘMitridatite8.DH.30Ca2Fe3+3(PO4)3O2 · 3H2O
ⓘAutunite8.EB.05Ca(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 10-12H2O
ⓘSaléeite8.EB.05Mg(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 10H2O
ⓘMeta-autunite8.EB.10Ca(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 6H2O
ⓘThreadgoldite (TL)8.EB.20Al(UO2)2(PO4)2(OH) · 8H2O
ⓘRanunculite (TL)8.EB.40HAl(UO2)(PO4)(OH)3 · 4H2O
ⓘTriangulite (TL)8.EB.45Al3(UO2)4(PO4)4(OH)5 · 5H2O
ⓘFurongite8.EB.50Al13(UO2)7(PO4)13(OH)14 · 58H2O
ⓘPhuralumite (TL)8.EC.05Al2[(UO2)3(PO4)2O(OH)](OH)3(H2O)9
ⓘUpalite (TL)8.EC.05Al(UO2)3(PO4)2O(OH) · 7H2O
ⓘ'Kivuite'8.EC.10Th(UO2)4(PO3OH)2(OH)8 · 7H2O
ⓘPhosphuranylite8.EC.10KCa(H3O)3(UO2)7(PO4)4O4 · 8H2O
ⓘDumontite8.EC.15Pb2(UO2)3O2(PO4)2 · 5H2O
ⓘMetavanmeersscheite (TL)8.EC.20U6+(UO2)3(PO4)2(OH)6 · 2H2O
ⓘVanmeersscheite (TL)8.EC.20U6+(UO2)3(PO4)2(OH)6 · 4H2O
ⓘAlthupite (TL)8.EC.25AlTh(UO2)7(PO4)4(OH)5O2 · 15H2O
ⓘMundite (TL)8.EC.30Al(UO2)3(PO4)2(OH)3 · 5.5H2O
ⓘMoreauite (TL)8.ED.05Al3(UO2)(PO4)3(OH)2 · 13H2O
ⓘKamitugaite (TL)8.ED.15PbAl[(UO2)5(PO4)2.38(AsO4)0.62O2(OH)2] · 11.5H2O
Group 9 - Silicates
ⓘForsterite9.AC.05Mg2SiO4
ⓘKirschsteinite (TL)9.AC.05CaFe2+SiO4
ⓘFayalite9.AC.05Fe2+2SiO4
ⓘAndradite
var. Melanite		9.AD.25Ca3(Fe3+,Ti)2(SiO4)3
ⓘ9.AD.25Ca3Fe3+2(SiO4)3
ⓘGrossular9.AD.25Ca3Al2(SiO4)3
ⓘSpessartine9.AD.25Mn2+3Al2(SiO4)3
ⓘZircon9.AD.30Zr(SiO4)
ⓘvar. Cyrtolite9.AD.30Zr[(SiO4),(OH)4]
ⓘThorite9.AD.30Th(SiO4)
ⓘSillimanite9.AF.05Al2(SiO4)O
ⓘAndalusite9.AF.10Al2(SiO4)O
ⓘKyanite9.AF.15Al2(SiO4)O
ⓘStaurolite9.AF.30Fe2+2Al9Si4O23(OH)
ⓘTopaz9.AF.35Al2(SiO4)(F,OH)2
ⓘTitanite9.AG.15CaTi(SiO4)O
ⓘÅkermanite9.BB.10Ca2Mg[Si2O7]
ⓘAndrémeyerite (TL)9.BB.20BaFe2+2(Si2O7)
ⓘFresnoite9.BE.15Ba2Ti(Si2O7)O
ⓘCuspidine9.BE.17Ca8(Si2O7)2F4
ⓘLåvenite9.BE.17Na2Ca2Mn2Zr2(Si2O7)2O2F2
ⓘGötzenite (TL)9.BE.22NaCa6Ti(Si2O7)2OF3
ⓘEpidote9.BG.05a(CaCa)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH)
ⓘBaotite9.CE.15Ba4(Ti,Nb,W)8O16(SiO3)4Cl
ⓘBeryl9.CJ.05Be3Al2(Si6O18)
ⓘCordierite9.CJ.10(Mg,Fe)2Al3(AlSi5O18)
ⓘCombeite (TL)9.CJ.15aNa4.5Ca3.5Si6O17.5(OH)0.5
ⓘEudialyte9.CO.10Na15Ca6Fe3Zr3Si(Si25O73)(O,OH,H2O)3(Cl,OH)2
ⓘDiopside9.DA.15CaMgSi2O6
ⓘHedenbergite9.DA.15CaFe2+Si2O6
ⓘDiopside
var. Chromium-bearing Diopside		9.DA.15Ca(Mg,Cr)Si2O6
ⓘAugite9.DA.15(CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6
ⓘvar. Ferroaugite9.DA.15(CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6
ⓘDiopside
var. Salite		9.DA.15CaMgSi2O6
ⓘAegirine-augite9.DA.20(NaaCabFe2+cMgd)(Fe3+eAlfFe2+gMgh)Si2O6
ⓘAegirine9.DA.25NaFe3+Si2O6
ⓘSpodumene9.DA.30LiAlSi2O6
ⓘActinolite9.DE.10◻Ca2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5)Si8O22(OH)2
ⓘKatophorite9.DE.20{Na}{CaNa}{Mg4Al}[(AlSi7)O22](OH)2
ⓘArfvedsonite9.DE.25[Na][Na2][Fe2+4Fe3+]Si8O22(OH)2
ⓘEckermannite9.DE.25NaNa2(Mg4Al}Si8O22(OH)2
ⓘRiebeckite9.DE.25◻[Na2][Fe2+3Fe3+2]Si8O22(OH)2
ⓘPectolite9.DG.05NaCa2Si3O8(OH)
ⓘWollastonite9.DG.05Ca3(Si3O9)
ⓘAenigmatite9.DH.40Na4[Fe2+10Ti2]O4[Si12O36]
ⓘDelhayelite (TL)9.EB.10(Na,K)10Ca5Al6Si32O80(Cl2,F2,SO4)3 · 18H2O
ⓘUmbrianite9.EB.25K7Na2Ca2[Al3Si10O29]F2Cl2
ⓘTalc9.EC.05Mg3Si4O10(OH)2
ⓘMuscovite
var. Sericite		9.EC.15KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
ⓘ9.EC.15KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
ⓘPhlogopite9.EC.20KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
ⓘAnnite9.EC.20KFe2+3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
ⓘTetraferriphlogopite9.EC.20KMg3(Fe3+Si3O10)(OH,F)2
ⓘMontmorillonite9.EC.40(Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O
ⓘVermiculite9.EC.50Mg0.7(Mg,Fe,Al)6(Si,Al)8O20(OH)4 · 8H2O
ⓘKaolinite9.ED.05Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4
ⓘNacrite9.ED.05Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4
ⓘKalsilite9.FA.05KAlSiO4
ⓘTrikalsilite (TL)9.FA.05K2NaAl3(SiO4)3
ⓘNepheline9.FA.05Na3K(Al4Si4O16)
ⓘOrthoclase9.FA.30K(AlSi3O8)
ⓘSanidine9.FA.30K(AlSi3O8)
ⓘMicrocline9.FA.30K(AlSi3O8)
ⓘAlbite
var. Anorthoclase		9.FA.35(Na,K)AlSi3O8
ⓘAnorthite9.FA.35Ca(Al2Si2O8)
ⓘvar. Labradorite9.FA.35(Ca,Na)[Al(Al,Si)Si2O8]
ⓘAlbite9.FA.35Na(AlSi3O8)
ⓘVishnevite9.FB.05(Na,K)8(Al6Si6O24)(SO4,CO3) · 2H2O
ⓘCancrinite9.FB.05(Na,Ca,◻)8(Al6Si6O24)(CO3,SO4)2 · 2H2O
ⓘSodalite9.FB.10Na4(Si3Al3)O12Cl
ⓘ'Zeolite Group'9.G0.
ⓘLeucite9.GB.05K(AlSi2O6)
Unclassified
ⓘ'Glass'-
ⓘ'Muscovite-2M2'-
ⓘ'Apatite'-Ca5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH)
ⓘ'Melilite Group'-Ca2M(XSiO7)
ⓘ'Synchysite Group'-
ⓘ'Alkali Feldspar'-
ⓘ'Chevkinite Group'-
ⓘ'Alkali pyroxene'-
ⓘ'Amphibole Supergroup'-AB2C5((Si,Al,Ti)8O22)(OH,F,Cl,O)2
ⓘ'Sodic amphibole'-
ⓘ'Uranium Mica'-
ⓘ'Columbite Group'-
ⓘ'Biotite'-K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
ⓘ'UM1975-16-SO:HKZn'-K2Zn(SO4)2 · 2H2O
ⓘ'Biotite
var. Titanium-bearing Biotite'		-K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
ⓘ'Chlorite Group'-
ⓘ'Columbite-Tantalite'-
ⓘ'Parisite'-Ca(Ce/La/Nd/REE)2(CO3)3F2
ⓘ'Rhabdophane'-
ⓘ'Tourmaline'-AD3G6 (T6O18)(BO3)3X3Z
ⓘ'Wad'-
ⓘ'Limonite'-
ⓘ'Lepidolite'-
ⓘ'Feldspar Group'-
ⓘ'Cerite'-
ⓘ'Feldspar Group
var. Perthite'		-
ⓘ'Mica Group'-
ⓘ'Tantalite'-(Mn,Fe)(Ta,Nb)2O6
ⓘ'Garnet Group'-X3Z2(SiO4)3
ⓘ'Clinopyroxene Subgroup'-
ⓘ'Mica Group
var. Lepidomelane'		-
ⓘ'Fayalite-Forsterite Series'-
ⓘ'Columbite-(Fe)-Columbite-(Mn) Series'-
ⓘ'Hornblende Root Name Group'-◻Ca2(Z2+4Z3+)(AlSi7O22)(OH,F,Cl)2
ⓘ'Ancylite'-
ⓘ'Plagioclase'-(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8
ⓘ'Pyroxene Group'-ADSi2O6
ⓘ'Chrome-Spinel (of Dana)'-
ⓘ'Sodic plagioclase'-

List of minerals for each chemical element

HHydrogen
Hⓘ Actinolite◻Ca2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5)Si8O22(OH)2
Hⓘ AlthupiteAlTh(UO2)7(PO4)4(OH)5O2 · 15H2O
Hⓘ Amphibole SupergroupAB2C5((Si,Al,Ti)8O22)(OH,F,Cl,O)2
Hⓘ Ancylite-(Ce)CeSr(CO3)2(OH) · H2O
Hⓘ AnniteKFe32+(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Hⓘ AnthoiniteAlWO3(OH)3
Hⓘ Arfvedsonite[Na][Na2][Fe42+Fe3+]Si8O22(OH)2
Hⓘ AutuniteCa(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 10-12H2O
Hⓘ BenauiteSrFe33+(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6
Hⓘ BermaniteMn2+Mn23+(PO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2O
Hⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Hⓘ BolivariteAl2(PO4)(OH)3 · 4-5H2O
Hⓘ Cancrinite(Na,Ca,◻)8(Al6Si6O24)(CO3,SO4)2 · 2H2O
Hⓘ ChalcanthiteCuSO4 · 5H2O
Hⓘ CombeiteNa4.5Ca3.5Si6O17.5(OH)0.5
Hⓘ CrandalliteCaAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6
Hⓘ Davidite-(La)La(Y,U)Fe2(Ti,Fe,Cr,V)18(O,OH,F)38
Hⓘ Delhayelite(Na,K)10Ca5Al6Si32O80(Cl2,F2,SO4)3 · 18H2O
Hⓘ DumontitePb2(UO2)3O2(PO4)2 · 5H2O
Hⓘ EckermanniteNaNa2(Mg4Al}Si8O22(OH)2
Hⓘ Epidote(CaCa)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH)
Hⓘ EudialyteNa15Ca6Fe3Zr3Si(Si25O73)(O,OH,H2O)3(Cl,OH)2
Hⓘ EvansiteAl3(PO4)(OH)6 · 6H2O
Hⓘ EylettersiteTh0.75Al3(PO4)2(OH)6
Hⓘ Fersmite(Ca,Ce,Na)(Nb,Ta,Ti)2(O,OH,F)6
Hⓘ FrondeliteMn2+Fe43+(PO4)3(OH)5
Hⓘ FurongiteAl13(UO2)7(PO4)13(OH)14 · 58H2O
Hⓘ GibbsiteAl(OH)3
Hⓘ Goethiteα-Fe3+O(OH)
Hⓘ GypsumCaSO4 · 2H2O
Hⓘ GoyaziteSrAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6
Hⓘ HureauliteMn52+(PO3OH)2(PO4)2 · 4H2O
Hⓘ HydroxylapatiteCa5(PO4)3(OH)
Hⓘ JarositeKFe33+(SO4)2(OH)6
Hⓘ Hydropyrochlore(H2O,◻)2Nb2(O,OH)6(H2O)
Hⓘ KamitugaitePbAl[(UO2)5(PO4)2.38(AsO4)0.62O2(OH)2] · 11.5H2O
Hⓘ KaoliniteAl2(Si2O5)(OH)4
Hⓘ KeckiteCaMn2+(Fe3+Mn2+)Fe23+(PO4)4(OH)3 · 7H2O
Hⓘ KivuiteTh(UO2)4(PO3OH)2(OH)8 · 7H2O
Hⓘ Lithiophorite(Al,Li)MnO2(OH)2
Hⓘ Mascagnite(NH4)2SO4
Hⓘ Meta-autuniteCa(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 6H2O
Hⓘ MetavanmeersscheiteU6+(UO2)3(PO4)2(OH)6 · 2H2O
Hⓘ MeymaciteWO3 · 2H2O
Hⓘ MitridatiteCa2Fe33+(PO4)3O2 · 3H2O
Hⓘ MontebrasiteLiAl(PO4)(OH)
Hⓘ MoreauiteAl3(UO2)(PO4)3(OH)2 · 13H2O
Hⓘ MunditeAl(UO2)3(PO4)2(OH)3 · 5.5H2O
Hⓘ MuscoviteKAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Hⓘ Montmorillonite(Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O
Hⓘ NacriteAl2(Si2O5)(OH)4
Hⓘ PectoliteNaCa2Si3O8(OH)
Hⓘ PhosphuranyliteKCa(H3O)3(UO2)7(PO4)4O4 · 8H2O
Hⓘ PhlogopiteKMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Hⓘ PhuralumiteAl2[(UO2)3(PO4)2O(OH)](OH)3(H2O)9
Hⓘ PlaneriteAl6(PO4)2(PO3OH)2(OH)8 · 4H2O
Hⓘ Pyrochlore GroupA2Nb2(O,OH)6Z
Hⓘ Rankamaite(Na,K)3(Ta,Nb,Al)11(O,OH)31
Hⓘ RanunculiteHAl(UO2)(PO4)(OH)3 · 4H2O
Hⓘ Riebeckite◻[Na2][Fe32+Fe23+]Si8O22(OH)2
Hⓘ RockbridgeiteFe2+Fe43+(PO4)3(OH)5
Hⓘ SaléeiteMg(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 10H2O
Hⓘ ScoroditeFe3+AsO4 · 2H2O
Hⓘ SimpsoniteAl4Ta3O13(OH)
Hⓘ StauroliteFe22+Al9Si4O23(OH)
Hⓘ Studtite[(UO2)(O2)(H2O)2] · H2O
Hⓘ TalcMg3Si4O10(OH)2
Hⓘ TetraferriphlogopiteKMg3(Fe3+Si3O10)(OH,F)2
Hⓘ ThreadgolditeAl(UO2)2(PO4)2(OH) · 8H2O
Hⓘ TopazAl2(SiO4)(F,OH)2
Hⓘ TrianguliteAl3(UO2)4(PO4)4(OH)5 · 5H2O
Hⓘ Tschermigite(NH4)Al(SO4)2 · 12H2O
Hⓘ UpaliteAl(UO2)3(PO4)2O(OH) · 7H2O
Hⓘ VanmeersscheiteU6+(UO2)3(PO4)2(OH)6 · 4H2O
Hⓘ VarisciteAlPO4 · 2H2O
Hⓘ Varlamoffite(Sn,Fe)(O,OH)2
Hⓘ VermiculiteMg0.7(Mg,Fe,Al)6(Si,Al)8O20(OH)4 · 8H2O
Hⓘ Vishnevite(Na,K)8(Al6Si6O24)(SO4,CO3) · 2H2O
Hⓘ WavelliteAl3(PO4)2(OH,F)3 · 5H2O
Hⓘ WaylanditeBiAl3(PO4)2(OH)6
Hⓘ ZaïriteBiFe33+(PO4)2(OH)6
Hⓘ Katophorite{Na}{CaNa}{Mg4Al}[(AlSi7)O22](OH)2
Hⓘ Zircon var. CyrtoliteZr[(SiO4),(OH)4]
Hⓘ Hornblende Root Name Group◻Ca2(Z42+Z3+)(AlSi7O22)(OH,F,Cl)2
Hⓘ Muscovite var. SericiteKAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Hⓘ ApatiteCa5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH)
Hⓘ KobokoboiteAl6(PO4)4(OH)6 · 11H2O
Hⓘ AfmiteAl3(OH)4(H2O)3(PO4)(PO3OH) · H2O
Hⓘ Pyrochlore Group var. Zero valent dominant member of Pyrochlore GroupA2Nb2(O,OH)6Z
Hⓘ UM1975-16-SO:HKZnK2Zn(SO4)2 · 2H2O
LiLithium
Liⓘ AmblygoniteLiAl(PO4)F
Liⓘ LithiowodginiteLiTa3O8
Liⓘ Lithiophorite(Al,Li)MnO2(OH)2
Liⓘ MontebrasiteLiAl(PO4)(OH)
Liⓘ SpodumeneLiAlSi2O6
BeBeryllium
Beⓘ BerylBe3Al2(Si6O18)
BBoron
Bⓘ TourmalineAD3G6 (T6O18)(BO3)3X3Z
CCarbon
Cⓘ Ancylite-(Ce)CeSr(CO3)2(OH) · H2O
Cⓘ AnkeriteCa(Fe2+,Mg)(CO3)2
Cⓘ Bismutite(BiO)2CO3
Cⓘ CalciteCaCO3
Cⓘ Cancrinite(Na,Ca,◻)8(Al6Si6O24)(CO3,SO4)2 · 2H2O
Cⓘ DolomiteCaMg(CO3)2
Cⓘ GraphiteC
Cⓘ MagnesiteMgCO3
Cⓘ Parisite-(Ce)CaCe2(CO3)3F2
Cⓘ Rutherfordine(UO2)CO3
Cⓘ StrontianiteSrCO3
Cⓘ Synchysite-(Ce)CaCe(CO3)2F
Cⓘ Vishnevite(Na,K)8(Al6Si6O24)(SO4,CO3) · 2H2O
Cⓘ ParisiteCa(Ce/La/Nd/REE)2(CO3)3F2
Cⓘ Dolomite var. Iron-bearing DolomiteCa(Mg,Fe)(CO3)2
NNitrogen
Nⓘ Mascagnite(NH4)2SO4
Nⓘ Tschermigite(NH4)Al(SO4)2 · 12H2O
OOxygen
Oⓘ Actinolite◻Ca2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5)Si8O22(OH)2
Oⓘ AegirineNaFe3+Si2O6
Oⓘ Aegirine-augite(NaaCabFec2+Mgd)(Fee3+AlfFeg2+Mgh)Si2O6
Oⓘ AenigmatiteNa4[Fe102+Ti2]O4[Si12O36]
Oⓘ ÅkermaniteCa2Mg[Si2O7]
Oⓘ AlbiteNa(AlSi3O8)
Oⓘ AlthupiteAlTh(UO2)7(PO4)4(OH)5O2 · 15H2O
Oⓘ AmblygoniteLiAl(PO4)F
Oⓘ Amphibole SupergroupAB2C5((Si,Al,Ti)8O22)(OH,F,Cl,O)2
Oⓘ Ancylite-(Ce)CeSr(CO3)2(OH) · H2O
Oⓘ AndalusiteAl2(SiO4)O
Oⓘ AndraditeCa3Fe23+(SiO4)3
Oⓘ AndrémeyeriteBaFe22+(Si2O7)
Oⓘ AnglesitePbSO4
Oⓘ AnkeriteCa(Fe2+,Mg)(CO3)2
Oⓘ AnniteKFe32+(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Oⓘ AnorthiteCa(Al2Si2O8)
Oⓘ Albite var. Anorthoclase(Na,K)AlSi3O8
Oⓘ AnthoiniteAlWO3(OH)3
Oⓘ Aphthitalite(K,Na)3Na(SO4)2
Oⓘ Arfvedsonite[Na][Na2][Fe42+Fe3+]Si8O22(OH)2
Oⓘ Augite(CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6
Oⓘ AutuniteCa(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 10-12H2O
Oⓘ BaddeleyiteZrO2
Oⓘ BaotiteBa4(Ti,Nb,W)8O16(SiO3)4Cl
Oⓘ BaryteBaSO4
Oⓘ BenauiteSrFe33+(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6
Oⓘ BermaniteMn2+Mn23+(PO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2O
Oⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Oⓘ BismiteBi2O3
Oⓘ Bismutite(BiO)2CO3
Oⓘ BolivariteAl2(PO4)(OH)3 · 4-5H2O
Oⓘ BerylBe3Al2(Si6O18)
Oⓘ CalciteCaCO3
Oⓘ Cancrinite(Na,Ca,◻)8(Al6Si6O24)(CO3,SO4)2 · 2H2O
Oⓘ CassiteriteSnO2
Oⓘ CelestineSrSO4
Oⓘ Cesplumtantite(Cs,Na)2(Pb,Sb3+)3Ta8O24
Oⓘ ChalcanthiteCuSO4 · 5H2O
Oⓘ Diopside var. Chromium-bearing DiopsideCa(Mg,Cr)Si2O6
Oⓘ ChromiteFe2+Cr23+O4
Oⓘ CombeiteNa4.5Ca3.5Si6O17.5(OH)0.5
Oⓘ Cordierite(Mg,Fe)2Al3(AlSi5O18)
Oⓘ CrandalliteCaAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6
Oⓘ CuspidineCa8(Si2O7)2F4
Oⓘ Davidite-(La)La(Y,U)Fe2(Ti,Fe,Cr,V)18(O,OH,F)38
Oⓘ Delhayelite(Na,K)10Ca5Al6Si32O80(Cl2,F2,SO4)3 · 18H2O
Oⓘ DiopsideCaMgSi2O6
Oⓘ DolomiteCaMg(CO3)2
Oⓘ DumontitePb2(UO2)3O2(PO4)2 · 5H2O
Oⓘ EckermanniteNaNa2(Mg4Al}Si8O22(OH)2
Oⓘ Epidote(CaCa)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH)
Oⓘ EudialyteNa15Ca6Fe3Zr3Si(Si25O73)(O,OH,H2O)3(Cl,OH)2
Oⓘ EvansiteAl3(PO4)(OH)6 · 6H2O
Oⓘ EylettersiteTh0.75Al3(PO4)2(OH)6
Oⓘ FayaliteFe22+SiO4
Oⓘ FerberiteFeWO4
Oⓘ Columbite-(Fe)Fe2+Nb2O6
Oⓘ Tantalite-(Fe)Fe2+Ta2O6
Oⓘ Tapiolite-(Fe)Fe2+Ta2O6
Oⓘ FerrowodginiteFe2+Sn4+Ta2O8
Oⓘ Fersmite(Ca,Ce,Na)(Nb,Ta,Ti)2(O,OH,F)6
Oⓘ FoorditeSn2+Nb2O6
Oⓘ ForsteriteMg2SiO4
Oⓘ FresnoiteBa2Ti(Si2O7)O
Oⓘ FrondeliteMn2+Fe43+(PO4)3(OH)5
Oⓘ FurongiteAl13(UO2)7(PO4)13(OH)14 · 58H2O
Oⓘ GibbsiteAl(OH)3
Oⓘ Goethiteα-Fe3+O(OH)
Oⓘ GrossularCa3Al2(SiO4)3
Oⓘ GötzeniteNaCa6Ti(Si2O7)2OF3
Oⓘ GypsumCaSO4 · 2H2O
Oⓘ GoyaziteSrAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6
Oⓘ HedenbergiteCaFe2+Si2O6
Oⓘ HematiteFe2O3
Oⓘ HureauliteMn52+(PO3OH)2(PO4)2 · 4H2O
Oⓘ HydroxylapatiteCa5(PO4)3(OH)
Oⓘ IlmeniteFe2+TiO3
Oⓘ Rutile var. Ilmenorutile(Ti,Nb)O2
Oⓘ JarositeKFe33+(SO4)2(OH)6
Oⓘ Hydropyrochlore(H2O,◻)2Nb2(O,OH)6(H2O)
Oⓘ KalsiliteKAlSiO4
Oⓘ KamitugaitePbAl[(UO2)5(PO4)2.38(AsO4)0.62O2(OH)2] · 11.5H2O
Oⓘ KaoliniteAl2(Si2O5)(OH)4
Oⓘ KeckiteCaMn2+(Fe3+Mn2+)Fe23+(PO4)4(OH)3 · 7H2O
Oⓘ KirschsteiniteCaFe2+SiO4
Oⓘ KivuiteTh(UO2)4(PO3OH)2(OH)8 · 7H2O
Oⓘ KyaniteAl2(SiO4)O
Oⓘ Anorthite var. Labradorite(Ca,Na)[Al(Al,Si)Si2O8]
Oⓘ LithiowodginiteLiTa3O8
Oⓘ Lithiophorite(Al,Li)MnO2(OH)2
Oⓘ LueshiteNaNbO3
Oⓘ LåveniteNa2Ca2Mn2Zr2(Si2O7)2O2F2
Oⓘ LeuciteK(AlSi2O6)
Oⓘ MagnesiteMgCO3
Oⓘ Columbite-(Mn)Mn2+Nb2O6
Oⓘ Tantalite-(Mn)Mn2+Ta2O6
Oⓘ MagnetiteFe2+Fe23+O4
Oⓘ Mascagnite(NH4)2SO4
Oⓘ Meta-autuniteCa(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 6H2O
Oⓘ MetavanmeersscheiteU6+(UO2)3(PO4)2(OH)6 · 2H2O
Oⓘ MeymaciteWO3 · 2H2O
Oⓘ MicroclineK(AlSi3O8)
Oⓘ MitridatiteCa2Fe33+(PO4)3O2 · 3H2O
Oⓘ Monazite-(Ce)Ce(PO4)
Oⓘ MontebrasiteLiAl(PO4)(OH)
Oⓘ MoreauiteAl3(UO2)(PO4)3(OH)2 · 13H2O
Oⓘ MunditeAl(UO2)3(PO4)2(OH)3 · 5.5H2O
Oⓘ MuscoviteKAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Oⓘ Montmorillonite(Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O
Oⓘ NacriteAl2(Si2O5)(OH)4
Oⓘ NephelineNa3K(Al4Si4O16)
Oⓘ OrthoclaseK(AlSi3O8)
Oⓘ Parisite-(Ce)CaCe2(CO3)3F2
Oⓘ PectoliteNaCa2Si3O8(OH)
Oⓘ PerovskiteCaTiO3
Oⓘ PhosphuranyliteKCa(H3O)3(UO2)7(PO4)4O4 · 8H2O
Oⓘ PhlogopiteKMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Oⓘ PhuralumiteAl2[(UO2)3(PO4)2O(OH)](OH)3(H2O)9
Oⓘ PlaneriteAl6(PO4)2(PO3OH)2(OH)8 · 4H2O
Oⓘ Pyrochlore GroupA2Nb2(O,OH)6Z
Oⓘ QuartzSiO2
Oⓘ Rankamaite(Na,K)3(Ta,Nb,Al)11(O,OH)31
Oⓘ RanunculiteHAl(UO2)(PO4)(OH)3 · 4H2O
Oⓘ Riebeckite◻[Na2][Fe32+Fe23+]Si8O22(OH)2
Oⓘ RockbridgeiteFe2+Fe43+(PO4)3(OH)5
Oⓘ Rutherfordine(UO2)CO3
Oⓘ RutileTiO2
Oⓘ SaléeiteMg(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 10H2O
Oⓘ SanidineK(AlSi3O8)
Oⓘ ScheeliteCa(WO4)
Oⓘ ScoroditeFe3+AsO4 · 2H2O
Oⓘ SillimaniteAl2(SiO4)O
Oⓘ SimpsoniteAl4Ta3O13(OH)
Oⓘ SodaliteNa4(Si3Al3)O12Cl
Oⓘ SpessartineMn32+Al2(SiO4)3
Oⓘ SpinelMgAl2O4
Oⓘ SpodumeneLiAlSi2O6
Oⓘ StauroliteFe22+Al9Si4O23(OH)
Oⓘ StrontianiteSrCO3
Oⓘ Studtite[(UO2)(O2)(H2O)2] · H2O
Oⓘ Synchysite-(Ce)CaCe(CO3)2F
Oⓘ TalcMg3Si4O10(OH)2
Oⓘ Tantalite(Mn,Fe)(Ta,Nb)2O6
Oⓘ TetraferriphlogopiteKMg3(Fe3+Si3O10)(OH,F)2
Oⓘ ThénarditeNa2SO4
Oⓘ ThoreauliteSn2+Ta2O6
Oⓘ ThoriteTh(SiO4)
Oⓘ ThreadgolditeAl(UO2)2(PO4)2(OH) · 8H2O
Oⓘ TitaniteCaTi(SiO4)O
Oⓘ Magnetite var. Titanium-bearing MagnetiteFe2+(Fe3+,Ti)2O4
Oⓘ TopazAl2(SiO4)(F,OH)2
Oⓘ TourmalineAD3G6 (T6O18)(BO3)3X3Z
Oⓘ TrianguliteAl3(UO2)4(PO4)4(OH)5 · 5H2O
Oⓘ TrikalsiliteK2NaAl3(SiO4)3
Oⓘ Tschermigite(NH4)Al(SO4)2 · 12H2O
Oⓘ UpaliteAl(UO2)3(PO4)2O(OH) · 7H2O
Oⓘ UraniniteUO2
Oⓘ VanmeersscheiteU6+(UO2)3(PO4)2(OH)6 · 4H2O
Oⓘ VarisciteAlPO4 · 2H2O
Oⓘ Varlamoffite(Sn,Fe)(O,OH)2
Oⓘ VermiculiteMg0.7(Mg,Fe,Al)6(Si,Al)8O20(OH)4 · 8H2O
Oⓘ Vishnevite(Na,K)8(Al6Si6O24)(SO4,CO3) · 2H2O
Oⓘ Wakefieldite-(Ce)Ce(VO4)
Oⓘ WavelliteAl3(PO4)2(OH,F)3 · 5H2O
Oⓘ WaylanditeBiAl3(PO4)2(OH)6
Oⓘ WodginiteMn2+Sn4+Ta2O8
Oⓘ WollastoniteCa3(Si3O9)
Oⓘ Xenotime-(Y)Y(PO4)
Oⓘ XimengiteBi(PO4)
Oⓘ ZaïriteBiFe33+(PO4)2(OH)6
Oⓘ ZirconZr(SiO4)
Oⓘ Katophorite{Na}{CaNa}{Mg4Al}[(AlSi7)O22](OH)2
Oⓘ ParisiteCa(Ce/La/Nd/REE)2(CO3)3F2
Oⓘ Andradite var. MelaniteCa3(Fe3+,Ti)2(SiO4)3
Oⓘ Zircon var. CyrtoliteZr[(SiO4),(OH)4]
Oⓘ Hornblende Root Name Group◻Ca2(Z42+Z3+)(AlSi7O22)(OH,F,Cl)2
Oⓘ Muscovite var. SericiteKAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Oⓘ Plagioclase(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8
Oⓘ Pyroxene GroupADSi2O6
Oⓘ Garnet GroupX3Z2(SiO4)3
Oⓘ Dolomite var. Iron-bearing DolomiteCa(Mg,Fe)(CO3)2
Oⓘ ApatiteCa5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH)
Oⓘ Melilite GroupCa2M(XSiO7)
Oⓘ KobokoboiteAl6(PO4)4(OH)6 · 11H2O
Oⓘ AfmiteAl3(OH)4(H2O)3(PO4)(PO3OH) · H2O
Oⓘ Pyrochlore Group var. Zero valent dominant member of Pyrochlore GroupA2Nb2(O,OH)6Z
Oⓘ UmbrianiteK7Na2Ca2[Al3Si10O29]F2Cl2
Oⓘ UM1975-16-SO:HKZnK2Zn(SO4)2 · 2H2O
FFluorine
Fⓘ AmblygoniteLiAl(PO4)F
Fⓘ Amphibole SupergroupAB2C5((Si,Al,Ti)8O22)(OH,F,Cl,O)2
Fⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Fⓘ CuspidineCa8(Si2O7)2F4
Fⓘ Davidite-(La)La(Y,U)Fe2(Ti,Fe,Cr,V)18(O,OH,F)38
Fⓘ Delhayelite(Na,K)10Ca5Al6Si32O80(Cl2,F2,SO4)3 · 18H2O
Fⓘ ElpasoliteK2NaAlF6
Fⓘ Fersmite(Ca,Ce,Na)(Nb,Ta,Ti)2(O,OH,F)6
Fⓘ FluoriteCaF2
Fⓘ GötzeniteNaCa6Ti(Si2O7)2OF3
Fⓘ HieratiteK2[SiF6]
Fⓘ LåveniteNa2Ca2Mn2Zr2(Si2O7)2O2F2
Fⓘ Parisite-(Ce)CaCe2(CO3)3F2
Fⓘ Synchysite-(Ce)CaCe(CO3)2F
Fⓘ TetraferriphlogopiteKMg3(Fe3+Si3O10)(OH,F)2
Fⓘ TopazAl2(SiO4)(F,OH)2
Fⓘ WavelliteAl3(PO4)2(OH,F)3 · 5H2O
Fⓘ ParisiteCa(Ce/La/Nd/REE)2(CO3)3F2
Fⓘ Hornblende Root Name Group◻Ca2(Z42+Z3+)(AlSi7O22)(OH,F,Cl)2
Fⓘ ApatiteCa5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH)
Fⓘ UmbrianiteK7Na2Ca2[Al3Si10O29]F2Cl2
NaSodium
Naⓘ AegirineNaFe3+Si2O6
Naⓘ Aegirine-augite(NaaCabFec2+Mgd)(Fee3+AlfFeg2+Mgh)Si2O6
Naⓘ AenigmatiteNa4[Fe102+Ti2]O4[Si12O36]
Naⓘ AlbiteNa(AlSi3O8)
Naⓘ Albite var. Anorthoclase(Na,K)AlSi3O8
Naⓘ Aphthitalite(K,Na)3Na(SO4)2
Naⓘ Arfvedsonite[Na][Na2][Fe42+Fe3+]Si8O22(OH)2
Naⓘ Cancrinite(Na,Ca,◻)8(Al6Si6O24)(CO3,SO4)2 · 2H2O
Naⓘ Cesplumtantite(Cs,Na)2(Pb,Sb3+)3Ta8O24
Naⓘ CombeiteNa4.5Ca3.5Si6O17.5(OH)0.5
Naⓘ Delhayelite(Na,K)10Ca5Al6Si32O80(Cl2,F2,SO4)3 · 18H2O
Naⓘ EckermanniteNaNa2(Mg4Al}Si8O22(OH)2
Naⓘ ElpasoliteK2NaAlF6
Naⓘ EudialyteNa15Ca6Fe3Zr3Si(Si25O73)(O,OH,H2O)3(Cl,OH)2
Naⓘ Fersmite(Ca,Ce,Na)(Nb,Ta,Ti)2(O,OH,F)6
Naⓘ GötzeniteNaCa6Ti(Si2O7)2OF3
Naⓘ HaliteNaCl
Naⓘ Anorthite var. Labradorite(Ca,Na)[Al(Al,Si)Si2O8]
Naⓘ LueshiteNaNbO3
Naⓘ LåveniteNa2Ca2Mn2Zr2(Si2O7)2O2F2
Naⓘ Montmorillonite(Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O
Naⓘ NephelineNa3K(Al4Si4O16)
Naⓘ PectoliteNaCa2Si3O8(OH)
Naⓘ Rankamaite(Na,K)3(Ta,Nb,Al)11(O,OH)31
Naⓘ Riebeckite◻[Na2][Fe32+Fe23+]Si8O22(OH)2
Naⓘ SodaliteNa4(Si3Al3)O12Cl
Naⓘ ThénarditeNa2SO4
Naⓘ TrikalsiliteK2NaAl3(SiO4)3
Naⓘ Vishnevite(Na,K)8(Al6Si6O24)(SO4,CO3) · 2H2O
Naⓘ Katophorite{Na}{CaNa}{Mg4Al}[(AlSi7)O22](OH)2
Naⓘ Plagioclase(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8
Naⓘ UmbrianiteK7Na2Ca2[Al3Si10O29]F2Cl2
MgMagnesium
Mgⓘ Actinolite◻Ca2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5)Si8O22(OH)2
Mgⓘ Aegirine-augite(NaaCabFec2+Mgd)(Fee3+AlfFeg2+Mgh)Si2O6
Mgⓘ ÅkermaniteCa2Mg[Si2O7]
Mgⓘ AnkeriteCa(Fe2+,Mg)(CO3)2
Mgⓘ Augite(CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6
Mgⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Mgⓘ Diopside var. Chromium-bearing DiopsideCa(Mg,Cr)Si2O6
Mgⓘ Cordierite(Mg,Fe)2Al3(AlSi5O18)
Mgⓘ DiopsideCaMgSi2O6
Mgⓘ DolomiteCaMg(CO3)2
Mgⓘ EckermanniteNaNa2(Mg4Al}Si8O22(OH)2
Mgⓘ ForsteriteMg2SiO4
Mgⓘ MagnesiteMgCO3
Mgⓘ Montmorillonite(Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O
Mgⓘ PhlogopiteKMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Mgⓘ SaléeiteMg(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 10H2O
Mgⓘ SpinelMgAl2O4
Mgⓘ TalcMg3Si4O10(OH)2
Mgⓘ TetraferriphlogopiteKMg3(Fe3+Si3O10)(OH,F)2
Mgⓘ VermiculiteMg0.7(Mg,Fe,Al)6(Si,Al)8O20(OH)4 · 8H2O
Mgⓘ Katophorite{Na}{CaNa}{Mg4Al}[(AlSi7)O22](OH)2
Mgⓘ Dolomite var. Iron-bearing DolomiteCa(Mg,Fe)(CO3)2
AlAluminium
Alⓘ Aegirine-augite(NaaCabFec2+Mgd)(Fee3+AlfFeg2+Mgh)Si2O6
Alⓘ AlbiteNa(AlSi3O8)
Alⓘ AlthupiteAlTh(UO2)7(PO4)4(OH)5O2 · 15H2O
Alⓘ AmblygoniteLiAl(PO4)F
Alⓘ Amphibole SupergroupAB2C5((Si,Al,Ti)8O22)(OH,F,Cl,O)2
Alⓘ AndalusiteAl2(SiO4)O
Alⓘ AnniteKFe32+(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Alⓘ AnorthiteCa(Al2Si2O8)
Alⓘ Albite var. Anorthoclase(Na,K)AlSi3O8
Alⓘ AnthoiniteAlWO3(OH)3
Alⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Alⓘ BolivariteAl2(PO4)(OH)3 · 4-5H2O
Alⓘ BerylBe3Al2(Si6O18)
Alⓘ Cancrinite(Na,Ca,◻)8(Al6Si6O24)(CO3,SO4)2 · 2H2O
Alⓘ Cordierite(Mg,Fe)2Al3(AlSi5O18)
Alⓘ CrandalliteCaAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6
Alⓘ Delhayelite(Na,K)10Ca5Al6Si32O80(Cl2,F2,SO4)3 · 18H2O
Alⓘ EckermanniteNaNa2(Mg4Al}Si8O22(OH)2
Alⓘ ElpasoliteK2NaAlF6
Alⓘ Epidote(CaCa)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH)
Alⓘ EvansiteAl3(PO4)(OH)6 · 6H2O
Alⓘ EylettersiteTh0.75Al3(PO4)2(OH)6
Alⓘ FurongiteAl13(UO2)7(PO4)13(OH)14 · 58H2O
Alⓘ GibbsiteAl(OH)3
Alⓘ GrossularCa3Al2(SiO4)3
Alⓘ GoyaziteSrAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6
Alⓘ KalsiliteKAlSiO4
Alⓘ KamitugaitePbAl[(UO2)5(PO4)2.38(AsO4)0.62O2(OH)2] · 11.5H2O
Alⓘ KaoliniteAl2(Si2O5)(OH)4
Alⓘ KyaniteAl2(SiO4)O
Alⓘ Anorthite var. Labradorite(Ca,Na)[Al(Al,Si)Si2O8]
Alⓘ Lithiophorite(Al,Li)MnO2(OH)2
Alⓘ LeuciteK(AlSi2O6)
Alⓘ MicroclineK(AlSi3O8)
Alⓘ MontebrasiteLiAl(PO4)(OH)
Alⓘ MoreauiteAl3(UO2)(PO4)3(OH)2 · 13H2O
Alⓘ MunditeAl(UO2)3(PO4)2(OH)3 · 5.5H2O
Alⓘ MuscoviteKAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Alⓘ Montmorillonite(Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O
Alⓘ NacriteAl2(Si2O5)(OH)4
Alⓘ NephelineNa3K(Al4Si4O16)
Alⓘ OrthoclaseK(AlSi3O8)
Alⓘ PhlogopiteKMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Alⓘ PhuralumiteAl2[(UO2)3(PO4)2O(OH)](OH)3(H2O)9
Alⓘ PlaneriteAl6(PO4)2(PO3OH)2(OH)8 · 4H2O
Alⓘ Rankamaite(Na,K)3(Ta,Nb,Al)11(O,OH)31
Alⓘ RanunculiteHAl(UO2)(PO4)(OH)3 · 4H2O
Alⓘ SanidineK(AlSi3O8)
Alⓘ SillimaniteAl2(SiO4)O
Alⓘ SimpsoniteAl4Ta3O13(OH)
Alⓘ SodaliteNa4(Si3Al3)O12Cl
Alⓘ SpessartineMn32+Al2(SiO4)3
Alⓘ SpinelMgAl2O4
Alⓘ SpodumeneLiAlSi2O6
Alⓘ StauroliteFe22+Al9Si4O23(OH)
Alⓘ ThreadgolditeAl(UO2)2(PO4)2(OH) · 8H2O
Alⓘ TopazAl2(SiO4)(F,OH)2
Alⓘ TrianguliteAl3(UO2)4(PO4)4(OH)5 · 5H2O
Alⓘ TrikalsiliteK2NaAl3(SiO4)3
Alⓘ Tschermigite(NH4)Al(SO4)2 · 12H2O
Alⓘ UpaliteAl(UO2)3(PO4)2O(OH) · 7H2O
Alⓘ VarisciteAlPO4 · 2H2O
Alⓘ VermiculiteMg0.7(Mg,Fe,Al)6(Si,Al)8O20(OH)4 · 8H2O
Alⓘ Vishnevite(Na,K)8(Al6Si6O24)(SO4,CO3) · 2H2O
Alⓘ WavelliteAl3(PO4)2(OH,F)3 · 5H2O
Alⓘ WaylanditeBiAl3(PO4)2(OH)6
Alⓘ Katophorite{Na}{CaNa}{Mg4Al}[(AlSi7)O22](OH)2
Alⓘ Hornblende Root Name Group◻Ca2(Z42+Z3+)(AlSi7O22)(OH,F,Cl)2
Alⓘ Muscovite var. SericiteKAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Alⓘ Plagioclase(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8
Alⓘ KobokoboiteAl6(PO4)4(OH)6 · 11H2O
Alⓘ AfmiteAl3(OH)4(H2O)3(PO4)(PO3OH) · H2O
Alⓘ UmbrianiteK7Na2Ca2[Al3Si10O29]F2Cl2
SiSilicon
Siⓘ Actinolite◻Ca2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5)Si8O22(OH)2
Siⓘ AegirineNaFe3+Si2O6
Siⓘ Aegirine-augite(NaaCabFec2+Mgd)(Fee3+AlfFeg2+Mgh)Si2O6
Siⓘ AenigmatiteNa4[Fe102+Ti2]O4[Si12O36]
Siⓘ ÅkermaniteCa2Mg[Si2O7]
Siⓘ AlbiteNa(AlSi3O8)
Siⓘ Amphibole SupergroupAB2C5((Si,Al,Ti)8O22)(OH,F,Cl,O)2
Siⓘ AndalusiteAl2(SiO4)O
Siⓘ AndraditeCa3Fe23+(SiO4)3
Siⓘ AndrémeyeriteBaFe22+(Si2O7)
Siⓘ AnniteKFe32+(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Siⓘ AnorthiteCa(Al2Si2O8)
Siⓘ Albite var. Anorthoclase(Na,K)AlSi3O8
Siⓘ Arfvedsonite[Na][Na2][Fe42+Fe3+]Si8O22(OH)2
Siⓘ Augite(CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6
Siⓘ BaotiteBa4(Ti,Nb,W)8O16(SiO3)4Cl
Siⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Siⓘ BerylBe3Al2(Si6O18)
Siⓘ Cancrinite(Na,Ca,◻)8(Al6Si6O24)(CO3,SO4)2 · 2H2O
Siⓘ Diopside var. Chromium-bearing DiopsideCa(Mg,Cr)Si2O6
Siⓘ CombeiteNa4.5Ca3.5Si6O17.5(OH)0.5
Siⓘ Cordierite(Mg,Fe)2Al3(AlSi5O18)
Siⓘ CuspidineCa8(Si2O7)2F4
Siⓘ Delhayelite(Na,K)10Ca5Al6Si32O80(Cl2,F2,SO4)3 · 18H2O
Siⓘ DiopsideCaMgSi2O6
Siⓘ EckermanniteNaNa2(Mg4Al}Si8O22(OH)2
Siⓘ Epidote(CaCa)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH)
Siⓘ EudialyteNa15Ca6Fe3Zr3Si(Si25O73)(O,OH,H2O)3(Cl,OH)2
Siⓘ FayaliteFe22+SiO4
Siⓘ ForsteriteMg2SiO4
Siⓘ FresnoiteBa2Ti(Si2O7)O
Siⓘ GrossularCa3Al2(SiO4)3
Siⓘ GötzeniteNaCa6Ti(Si2O7)2OF3
Siⓘ HedenbergiteCaFe2+Si2O6
Siⓘ HieratiteK2[SiF6]
Siⓘ KalsiliteKAlSiO4
Siⓘ KaoliniteAl2(Si2O5)(OH)4
Siⓘ KirschsteiniteCaFe2+SiO4
Siⓘ KyaniteAl2(SiO4)O
Siⓘ Anorthite var. Labradorite(Ca,Na)[Al(Al,Si)Si2O8]
Siⓘ LåveniteNa2Ca2Mn2Zr2(Si2O7)2O2F2
Siⓘ LeuciteK(AlSi2O6)
Siⓘ MicroclineK(AlSi3O8)
Siⓘ MuscoviteKAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Siⓘ Montmorillonite(Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O
Siⓘ NacriteAl2(Si2O5)(OH)4
Siⓘ NephelineNa3K(Al4Si4O16)
Siⓘ OrthoclaseK(AlSi3O8)
Siⓘ PectoliteNaCa2Si3O8(OH)
Siⓘ PhlogopiteKMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Siⓘ QuartzSiO2
Siⓘ Riebeckite◻[Na2][Fe32+Fe23+]Si8O22(OH)2
Siⓘ SanidineK(AlSi3O8)
Siⓘ SillimaniteAl2(SiO4)O
Siⓘ SodaliteNa4(Si3Al3)O12Cl
Siⓘ SpessartineMn32+Al2(SiO4)3
Siⓘ SpodumeneLiAlSi2O6
Siⓘ StauroliteFe22+Al9Si4O23(OH)
Siⓘ TalcMg3Si4O10(OH)2
Siⓘ TetraferriphlogopiteKMg3(Fe3+Si3O10)(OH,F)2
Siⓘ ThoriteTh(SiO4)
Siⓘ TitaniteCaTi(SiO4)O
Siⓘ TopazAl2(SiO4)(F,OH)2
Siⓘ TrikalsiliteK2NaAl3(SiO4)3
Siⓘ VermiculiteMg0.7(Mg,Fe,Al)6(Si,Al)8O20(OH)4 · 8H2O
Siⓘ Vishnevite(Na,K)8(Al6Si6O24)(SO4,CO3) · 2H2O
Siⓘ WollastoniteCa3(Si3O9)
Siⓘ ZirconZr(SiO4)
Siⓘ Katophorite{Na}{CaNa}{Mg4Al}[(AlSi7)O22](OH)2
Siⓘ Andradite var. MelaniteCa3(Fe3+,Ti)2(SiO4)3
Siⓘ Zircon var. CyrtoliteZr[(SiO4),(OH)4]
Siⓘ Hornblende Root Name Group◻Ca2(Z42+Z3+)(AlSi7O22)(OH,F,Cl)2
Siⓘ Muscovite var. SericiteKAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Siⓘ Plagioclase(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8
Siⓘ Pyroxene GroupADSi2O6
Siⓘ Garnet GroupX3Z2(SiO4)3
Siⓘ Melilite GroupCa2M(XSiO7)
Siⓘ UmbrianiteK7Na2Ca2[Al3Si10O29]F2Cl2
PPhosphorus
Pⓘ AlthupiteAlTh(UO2)7(PO4)4(OH)5O2 · 15H2O
Pⓘ AmblygoniteLiAl(PO4)F
Pⓘ AutuniteCa(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 10-12H2O
Pⓘ BenauiteSrFe33+(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6
Pⓘ BermaniteMn2+Mn23+(PO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2O
Pⓘ BolivariteAl2(PO4)(OH)3 · 4-5H2O
Pⓘ CrandalliteCaAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6
Pⓘ DumontitePb2(UO2)3O2(PO4)2 · 5H2O
Pⓘ EvansiteAl3(PO4)(OH)6 · 6H2O
Pⓘ EylettersiteTh0.75Al3(PO4)2(OH)6
Pⓘ FrondeliteMn2+Fe43+(PO4)3(OH)5
Pⓘ FurongiteAl13(UO2)7(PO4)13(OH)14 · 58H2O
Pⓘ GoyaziteSrAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6
Pⓘ HureauliteMn52+(PO3OH)2(PO4)2 · 4H2O
Pⓘ HydroxylapatiteCa5(PO4)3(OH)
Pⓘ KamitugaitePbAl[(UO2)5(PO4)2.38(AsO4)0.62O2(OH)2] · 11.5H2O
Pⓘ KeckiteCaMn2+(Fe3+Mn2+)Fe23+(PO4)4(OH)3 · 7H2O
Pⓘ KivuiteTh(UO2)4(PO3OH)2(OH)8 · 7H2O
Pⓘ Meta-autuniteCa(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 6H2O
Pⓘ MetavanmeersscheiteU6+(UO2)3(PO4)2(OH)6 · 2H2O
Pⓘ MitridatiteCa2Fe33+(PO4)3O2 · 3H2O
Pⓘ Monazite-(Ce)Ce(PO4)
Pⓘ MontebrasiteLiAl(PO4)(OH)
Pⓘ MoreauiteAl3(UO2)(PO4)3(OH)2 · 13H2O
Pⓘ MunditeAl(UO2)3(PO4)2(OH)3 · 5.5H2O
Pⓘ PhosphuranyliteKCa(H3O)3(UO2)7(PO4)4O4 · 8H2O
Pⓘ PhuralumiteAl2[(UO2)3(PO4)2O(OH)](OH)3(H2O)9
Pⓘ PlaneriteAl6(PO4)2(PO3OH)2(OH)8 · 4H2O
Pⓘ RanunculiteHAl(UO2)(PO4)(OH)3 · 4H2O
Pⓘ RockbridgeiteFe2+Fe43+(PO4)3(OH)5
Pⓘ SaléeiteMg(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 10H2O
Pⓘ ThreadgolditeAl(UO2)2(PO4)2(OH) · 8H2O
Pⓘ TrianguliteAl3(UO2)4(PO4)4(OH)5 · 5H2O
Pⓘ UpaliteAl(UO2)3(PO4)2O(OH) · 7H2O
Pⓘ VanmeersscheiteU6+(UO2)3(PO4)2(OH)6 · 4H2O
Pⓘ VarisciteAlPO4 · 2H2O
Pⓘ WavelliteAl3(PO4)2(OH,F)3 · 5H2O
Pⓘ WaylanditeBiAl3(PO4)2(OH)6
Pⓘ Xenotime-(Y)Y(PO4)
Pⓘ XimengiteBi(PO4)
Pⓘ ZaïriteBiFe33+(PO4)2(OH)6
Pⓘ ApatiteCa5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH)
Pⓘ KobokoboiteAl6(PO4)4(OH)6 · 11H2O
Pⓘ AfmiteAl3(OH)4(H2O)3(PO4)(PO3OH) · H2O
SSulfur
Sⓘ AnglesitePbSO4
Sⓘ Aphthitalite(K,Na)3Na(SO4)2
Sⓘ ArsenopyriteFeAsS
Sⓘ BaryteBaSO4
Sⓘ BismuthiniteBi2S3
Sⓘ Cancrinite(Na,Ca,◻)8(Al6Si6O24)(CO3,SO4)2 · 2H2O
Sⓘ CelestineSrSO4
Sⓘ ChalcopyriteCuFeS2
Sⓘ ChalcanthiteCuSO4 · 5H2O
Sⓘ Delhayelite(Na,K)10Ca5Al6Si32O80(Cl2,F2,SO4)3 · 18H2O
Sⓘ GalenaPbS
Sⓘ GypsumCaSO4 · 2H2O
Sⓘ JarositeKFe33+(SO4)2(OH)6
Sⓘ MarcasiteFeS2
Sⓘ Mascagnite(NH4)2SO4
Sⓘ PyriteFeS2
Sⓘ PyrrhotiteFe1-xS
Sⓘ SphaleriteZnS
Sⓘ StibniteSb2S3
Sⓘ SulphurS8
Sⓘ ThénarditeNa2SO4
Sⓘ TroiliteFeS
Sⓘ Tschermigite(NH4)Al(SO4)2 · 12H2O
Sⓘ Vishnevite(Na,K)8(Al6Si6O24)(SO4,CO3) · 2H2O
Sⓘ ChlorbartoniteK6Fe24S26(Cl,S)
Sⓘ UM1975-16-SO:HKZnK2Zn(SO4)2 · 2H2O
ClChlorine
Clⓘ Amphibole SupergroupAB2C5((Si,Al,Ti)8O22)(OH,F,Cl,O)2
Clⓘ BaotiteBa4(Ti,Nb,W)8O16(SiO3)4Cl
Clⓘ Delhayelite(Na,K)10Ca5Al6Si32O80(Cl2,F2,SO4)3 · 18H2O
Clⓘ EudialyteNa15Ca6Fe3Zr3Si(Si25O73)(O,OH,H2O)3(Cl,OH)2
Clⓘ HaliteNaCl
Clⓘ SodaliteNa4(Si3Al3)O12Cl
Clⓘ SylviteKCl
Clⓘ Hornblende Root Name Group◻Ca2(Z42+Z3+)(AlSi7O22)(OH,F,Cl)2
Clⓘ ChlorbartoniteK6Fe24S26(Cl,S)
Clⓘ ApatiteCa5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH)
Clⓘ UmbrianiteK7Na2Ca2[Al3Si10O29]F2Cl2
KPotassium
Kⓘ AnniteKFe32+(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Kⓘ Albite var. Anorthoclase(Na,K)AlSi3O8
Kⓘ Aphthitalite(K,Na)3Na(SO4)2
Kⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Kⓘ Delhayelite(Na,K)10Ca5Al6Si32O80(Cl2,F2,SO4)3 · 18H2O
Kⓘ ElpasoliteK2NaAlF6
Kⓘ HieratiteK2[SiF6]
Kⓘ JarositeKFe33+(SO4)2(OH)6
Kⓘ KalsiliteKAlSiO4
Kⓘ LeuciteK(AlSi2O6)
Kⓘ MicroclineK(AlSi3O8)
Kⓘ MuscoviteKAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Kⓘ NephelineNa3K(Al4Si4O16)
Kⓘ OrthoclaseK(AlSi3O8)
Kⓘ PhosphuranyliteKCa(H3O)3(UO2)7(PO4)4O4 · 8H2O
Kⓘ PhlogopiteKMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Kⓘ Rankamaite(Na,K)3(Ta,Nb,Al)11(O,OH)31
Kⓘ SanidineK(AlSi3O8)
Kⓘ SylviteKCl
Kⓘ TetraferriphlogopiteKMg3(Fe3+Si3O10)(OH,F)2
Kⓘ TrikalsiliteK2NaAl3(SiO4)3
Kⓘ Vishnevite(Na,K)8(Al6Si6O24)(SO4,CO3) · 2H2O
Kⓘ Muscovite var. SericiteKAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Kⓘ ChlorbartoniteK6Fe24S26(Cl,S)
Kⓘ UmbrianiteK7Na2Ca2[Al3Si10O29]F2Cl2
Kⓘ UM1975-16-SO:HKZnK2Zn(SO4)2 · 2H2O
CaCalcium
Caⓘ Actinolite◻Ca2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5)Si8O22(OH)2
Caⓘ Aegirine-augite(NaaCabFec2+Mgd)(Fee3+AlfFeg2+Mgh)Si2O6
Caⓘ ÅkermaniteCa2Mg[Si2O7]
Caⓘ AndraditeCa3Fe23+(SiO4)3
Caⓘ AnkeriteCa(Fe2+,Mg)(CO3)2
Caⓘ AnorthiteCa(Al2Si2O8)
Caⓘ Augite(CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6
Caⓘ AutuniteCa(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 10-12H2O
Caⓘ CalciteCaCO3
Caⓘ Cancrinite(Na,Ca,◻)8(Al6Si6O24)(CO3,SO4)2 · 2H2O
Caⓘ Diopside var. Chromium-bearing DiopsideCa(Mg,Cr)Si2O6
Caⓘ CombeiteNa4.5Ca3.5Si6O17.5(OH)0.5
Caⓘ CrandalliteCaAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6
Caⓘ CuspidineCa8(Si2O7)2F4
Caⓘ Delhayelite(Na,K)10Ca5Al6Si32O80(Cl2,F2,SO4)3 · 18H2O
Caⓘ DiopsideCaMgSi2O6
Caⓘ DolomiteCaMg(CO3)2
Caⓘ Epidote(CaCa)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH)
Caⓘ EudialyteNa15Ca6Fe3Zr3Si(Si25O73)(O,OH,H2O)3(Cl,OH)2
Caⓘ Fersmite(Ca,Ce,Na)(Nb,Ta,Ti)2(O,OH,F)6
Caⓘ FluoriteCaF2
Caⓘ GrossularCa3Al2(SiO4)3
Caⓘ GötzeniteNaCa6Ti(Si2O7)2OF3
Caⓘ GypsumCaSO4 · 2H2O
Caⓘ HedenbergiteCaFe2+Si2O6
Caⓘ HydroxylapatiteCa5(PO4)3(OH)
Caⓘ KeckiteCaMn2+(Fe3+Mn2+)Fe23+(PO4)4(OH)3 · 7H2O
Caⓘ KirschsteiniteCaFe2+SiO4
Caⓘ Anorthite var. Labradorite(Ca,Na)[Al(Al,Si)Si2O8]
Caⓘ LåveniteNa2Ca2Mn2Zr2(Si2O7)2O2F2
Caⓘ Meta-autuniteCa(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 6H2O
Caⓘ MitridatiteCa2Fe33+(PO4)3O2 · 3H2O
Caⓘ Montmorillonite(Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O
Caⓘ Parisite-(Ce)CaCe2(CO3)3F2
Caⓘ PectoliteNaCa2Si3O8(OH)
Caⓘ PerovskiteCaTiO3
Caⓘ PhosphuranyliteKCa(H3O)3(UO2)7(PO4)4O4 · 8H2O
Caⓘ ScheeliteCa(WO4)
Caⓘ Synchysite-(Ce)CaCe(CO3)2F
Caⓘ TitaniteCaTi(SiO4)O
Caⓘ WollastoniteCa3(Si3O9)
Caⓘ Katophorite{Na}{CaNa}{Mg4Al}[(AlSi7)O22](OH)2
Caⓘ ParisiteCa(Ce/La/Nd/REE)2(CO3)3F2
Caⓘ Andradite var. MelaniteCa3(Fe3+,Ti)2(SiO4)3
Caⓘ Hornblende Root Name Group◻Ca2(Z42+Z3+)(AlSi7O22)(OH,F,Cl)2
Caⓘ Plagioclase(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8
Caⓘ Dolomite var. Iron-bearing DolomiteCa(Mg,Fe)(CO3)2
Caⓘ ApatiteCa5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH)
Caⓘ Melilite GroupCa2M(XSiO7)
Caⓘ UmbrianiteK7Na2Ca2[Al3Si10O29]F2Cl2
TiTitanium
Tiⓘ AenigmatiteNa4[Fe102+Ti2]O4[Si12O36]
Tiⓘ Amphibole SupergroupAB2C5((Si,Al,Ti)8O22)(OH,F,Cl,O)2
Tiⓘ BaotiteBa4(Ti,Nb,W)8O16(SiO3)4Cl
Tiⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Tiⓘ Davidite-(La)La(Y,U)Fe2(Ti,Fe,Cr,V)18(O,OH,F)38
Tiⓘ Fersmite(Ca,Ce,Na)(Nb,Ta,Ti)2(O,OH,F)6
Tiⓘ FresnoiteBa2Ti(Si2O7)O
Tiⓘ GötzeniteNaCa6Ti(Si2O7)2OF3
Tiⓘ IlmeniteFe2+TiO3
Tiⓘ Rutile var. Ilmenorutile(Ti,Nb)O2
Tiⓘ PerovskiteCaTiO3
Tiⓘ RutileTiO2
Tiⓘ TitaniteCaTi(SiO4)O
Tiⓘ Magnetite var. Titanium-bearing MagnetiteFe2+(Fe3+,Ti)2O4
Tiⓘ Andradite var. MelaniteCa3(Fe3+,Ti)2(SiO4)3
VVanadium
Vⓘ Davidite-(La)La(Y,U)Fe2(Ti,Fe,Cr,V)18(O,OH,F)38
Vⓘ Wakefieldite-(Ce)Ce(VO4)
CrChromium
Crⓘ Diopside var. Chromium-bearing DiopsideCa(Mg,Cr)Si2O6
Crⓘ ChromiteFe2+Cr23+O4
Crⓘ Davidite-(La)La(Y,U)Fe2(Ti,Fe,Cr,V)18(O,OH,F)38
MnManganese
Mnⓘ BermaniteMn2+Mn23+(PO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2O
Mnⓘ FrondeliteMn2+Fe43+(PO4)3(OH)5
Mnⓘ HureauliteMn52+(PO3OH)2(PO4)2 · 4H2O
Mnⓘ KeckiteCaMn2+(Fe3+Mn2+)Fe23+(PO4)4(OH)3 · 7H2O
Mnⓘ Lithiophorite(Al,Li)MnO2(OH)2
Mnⓘ LåveniteNa2Ca2Mn2Zr2(Si2O7)2O2F2
Mnⓘ Columbite-(Mn)Mn2+Nb2O6
Mnⓘ Tantalite-(Mn)Mn2+Ta2O6
Mnⓘ SpessartineMn32+Al2(SiO4)3
Mnⓘ Tantalite(Mn,Fe)(Ta,Nb)2O6
Mnⓘ WodginiteMn2+Sn4+Ta2O8
FeIron
Feⓘ Actinolite◻Ca2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5)Si8O22(OH)2
Feⓘ AegirineNaFe3+Si2O6
Feⓘ Aegirine-augite(NaaCabFec2+Mgd)(Fee3+AlfFeg2+Mgh)Si2O6
Feⓘ AenigmatiteNa4[Fe102+Ti2]O4[Si12O36]
Feⓘ AndraditeCa3Fe23+(SiO4)3
Feⓘ AndrémeyeriteBaFe22+(Si2O7)
Feⓘ AnkeriteCa(Fe2+,Mg)(CO3)2
Feⓘ AnniteKFe32+(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Feⓘ ArsenopyriteFeAsS
Feⓘ Arfvedsonite[Na][Na2][Fe42+Fe3+]Si8O22(OH)2
Feⓘ Augite(CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6
Feⓘ BenauiteSrFe33+(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6
Feⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2
Feⓘ ChalcopyriteCuFeS2
Feⓘ ChromiteFe2+Cr23+O4
Feⓘ Cordierite(Mg,Fe)2Al3(AlSi5O18)
Feⓘ Davidite-(La)La(Y,U)Fe2(Ti,Fe,Cr,V)18(O,OH,F)38
Feⓘ Epidote(CaCa)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH)
Feⓘ EudialyteNa15Ca6Fe3Zr3Si(Si25O73)(O,OH,H2O)3(Cl,OH)2
Feⓘ FayaliteFe22+SiO4
Feⓘ FerberiteFeWO4
Feⓘ Columbite-(Fe)Fe2+Nb2O6
Feⓘ Tantalite-(Fe)Fe2+Ta2O6
Feⓘ Tapiolite-(Fe)Fe2+Ta2O6
Feⓘ FerrowodginiteFe2+Sn4+Ta2O8
Feⓘ FrondeliteMn2+Fe43+(PO4)3(OH)5
Feⓘ Goethiteα-Fe3+O(OH)
Feⓘ HedenbergiteCaFe2+Si2O6
Feⓘ HematiteFe2O3
Feⓘ IlmeniteFe2+TiO3
Feⓘ IronFe
Feⓘ JarositeKFe33+(SO4)2(OH)6
Feⓘ Iron var. Kamacite(Fe,Ni)
Feⓘ KeckiteCaMn2+(Fe3+Mn2+)Fe23+(PO4)4(OH)3 · 7H2O
Feⓘ KirschsteiniteCaFe2+SiO4
Feⓘ MagnetiteFe2+Fe23+O4
Feⓘ MarcasiteFeS2
Feⓘ MitridatiteCa2Fe33+(PO4)3O2 · 3H2O
Feⓘ PyriteFeS2
Feⓘ PyrrhotiteFe1-xS
Feⓘ Riebeckite◻[Na2][Fe32+Fe23+]Si8O22(OH)2
Feⓘ RockbridgeiteFe2+Fe43+(PO4)3(OH)5
Feⓘ ScoroditeFe3+AsO4 · 2H2O
Feⓘ StauroliteFe22+Al9Si4O23(OH)
Feⓘ Taenite(Fe,Ni)
Feⓘ Tantalite(Mn,Fe)(Ta,Nb)2O6
Feⓘ TetraferriphlogopiteKMg3(Fe3+Si3O10)(OH,F)2
Feⓘ Magnetite var. Titanium-bearing MagnetiteFe2+(Fe3+,Ti)2O4
Feⓘ TroiliteFeS
Feⓘ Varlamoffite(Sn,Fe)(O,OH)2
Feⓘ VermiculiteMg0.7(Mg,Fe,Al)6(Si,Al)8O20(OH)4 · 8H2O
Feⓘ ZaïriteBiFe33+(PO4)2(OH)6
Feⓘ Andradite var. MelaniteCa3(Fe3+,Ti)2(SiO4)3
Feⓘ Dolomite var. Iron-bearing DolomiteCa(Mg,Fe)(CO3)2
Feⓘ ChlorbartoniteK6Fe24S26(Cl,S)
NiNickel
Niⓘ Iron var. Kamacite(Fe,Ni)
Niⓘ Taenite(Fe,Ni)
CuCopper
Cuⓘ ChalcopyriteCuFeS2
Cuⓘ ChalcanthiteCuSO4 · 5H2O
Cuⓘ CopperCu
Cuⓘ HongshiitePtCu
Cuⓘ KitagohaitePt7Cu
ZnZinc
Znⓘ SphaleriteZnS
Znⓘ UM1975-16-SO:HKZnK2Zn(SO4)2 · 2H2O
AsArsenic
Asⓘ ArsenopyriteFeAsS
Asⓘ ArsenicAs
Asⓘ KamitugaitePbAl[(UO2)5(PO4)2.38(AsO4)0.62O2(OH)2] · 11.5H2O
Asⓘ ScoroditeFe3+AsO4 · 2H2O
Asⓘ SperrylitePtAs2
SeSelenium
Seⓘ LuberoitePt5Se4
SrStrontium
Srⓘ Ancylite-(Ce)CeSr(CO3)2(OH) · H2O
Srⓘ BenauiteSrFe33+(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6
Srⓘ CelestineSrSO4
Srⓘ GoyaziteSrAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6
Srⓘ StrontianiteSrCO3
YYttrium
Yⓘ Davidite-(La)La(Y,U)Fe2(Ti,Fe,Cr,V)18(O,OH,F)38
Yⓘ Xenotime-(Y)Y(PO4)
ZrZirconium
Zrⓘ BaddeleyiteZrO2
Zrⓘ EudialyteNa15Ca6Fe3Zr3Si(Si25O73)(O,OH,H2O)3(Cl,OH)2
Zrⓘ LåveniteNa2Ca2Mn2Zr2(Si2O7)2O2F2
Zrⓘ ZirconZr(SiO4)
Zrⓘ Zircon var. CyrtoliteZr[(SiO4),(OH)4]
NbNiobium
Nbⓘ BaotiteBa4(Ti,Nb,W)8O16(SiO3)4Cl
Nbⓘ Columbite-(Fe)Fe2+Nb2O6
Nbⓘ Fersmite(Ca,Ce,Na)(Nb,Ta,Ti)2(O,OH,F)6
Nbⓘ FoorditeSn2+Nb2O6
Nbⓘ Rutile var. Ilmenorutile(Ti,Nb)O2
Nbⓘ Hydropyrochlore(H2O,◻)2Nb2(O,OH)6(H2O)
Nbⓘ LueshiteNaNbO3
Nbⓘ Columbite-(Mn)Mn2+Nb2O6
Nbⓘ Pyrochlore GroupA2Nb2(O,OH)6Z
Nbⓘ Rankamaite(Na,K)3(Ta,Nb,Al)11(O,OH)31
Nbⓘ Tantalite(Mn,Fe)(Ta,Nb)2O6
Nbⓘ Pyrochlore Group var. Zero valent dominant member of Pyrochlore GroupA2Nb2(O,OH)6Z
SnTin
Snⓘ CassiteriteSnO2
Snⓘ FerrowodginiteFe2+Sn4+Ta2O8
Snⓘ FoorditeSn2+Nb2O6
Snⓘ ThoreauliteSn2+Ta2O6
Snⓘ Varlamoffite(Sn,Fe)(O,OH)2
Snⓘ WodginiteMn2+Sn4+Ta2O8
SbAntimony
Sbⓘ AurostibiteAuSb2
Sbⓘ Cesplumtantite(Cs,Na)2(Pb,Sb3+)3Ta8O24
Sbⓘ StibniteSb2S3
CsCaesium
Csⓘ Cesplumtantite(Cs,Na)2(Pb,Sb3+)3Ta8O24
BaBarium
Baⓘ AndrémeyeriteBaFe22+(Si2O7)
Baⓘ BaotiteBa4(Ti,Nb,W)8O16(SiO3)4Cl
Baⓘ BaryteBaSO4
Baⓘ FresnoiteBa2Ti(Si2O7)O
LaLanthanum
Laⓘ Davidite-(La)La(Y,U)Fe2(Ti,Fe,Cr,V)18(O,OH,F)38
Laⓘ ParisiteCa(Ce/La/Nd/REE)2(CO3)3F2
CeCerium
Ceⓘ Ancylite-(Ce)CeSr(CO3)2(OH) · H2O
Ceⓘ Fersmite(Ca,Ce,Na)(Nb,Ta,Ti)2(O,OH,F)6
Ceⓘ Monazite-(Ce)Ce(PO4)
Ceⓘ Parisite-(Ce)CaCe2(CO3)3F2
Ceⓘ Synchysite-(Ce)CaCe(CO3)2F
Ceⓘ Wakefieldite-(Ce)Ce(VO4)
Ceⓘ ParisiteCa(Ce/La/Nd/REE)2(CO3)3F2
NdNeodymium
Ndⓘ ParisiteCa(Ce/La/Nd/REE)2(CO3)3F2
TaTantalum
Taⓘ Cesplumtantite(Cs,Na)2(Pb,Sb3+)3Ta8O24
Taⓘ Tantalite-(Fe)Fe2+Ta2O6
Taⓘ Tapiolite-(Fe)Fe2+Ta2O6
Taⓘ FerrowodginiteFe2+Sn4+Ta2O8
Taⓘ Fersmite(Ca,Ce,Na)(Nb,Ta,Ti)2(O,OH,F)6
Taⓘ LithiowodginiteLiTa3O8
Taⓘ Tantalite-(Mn)Mn2+Ta2O6
Taⓘ Microlite GroupA2-mTa2X6-wZ-n
Taⓘ Rankamaite(Na,K)3(Ta,Nb,Al)11(O,OH)31
Taⓘ SimpsoniteAl4Ta3O13(OH)
Taⓘ Tantalite(Mn,Fe)(Ta,Nb)2O6
Taⓘ ThoreauliteSn2+Ta2O6
Taⓘ WodginiteMn2+Sn4+Ta2O8
WTungsten
Wⓘ AnthoiniteAlWO3(OH)3
Wⓘ BaotiteBa4(Ti,Nb,W)8O16(SiO3)4Cl
Wⓘ FerberiteFeWO4
Wⓘ MeymaciteWO3 · 2H2O
Wⓘ ScheeliteCa(WO4)
PtPlatinum
Ptⓘ HongshiitePtCu
Ptⓘ LuberoitePt5Se4
Ptⓘ SperrylitePtAs2
Ptⓘ KitagohaitePt7Cu
AuGold
Auⓘ AurostibiteAuSb2
Auⓘ GoldAu
PbLead
Pbⓘ AnglesitePbSO4
Pbⓘ Cesplumtantite(Cs,Na)2(Pb,Sb3+)3Ta8O24
Pbⓘ DumontitePb2(UO2)3O2(PO4)2 · 5H2O
Pbⓘ GalenaPbS
Pbⓘ KamitugaitePbAl[(UO2)5(PO4)2.38(AsO4)0.62O2(OH)2] · 11.5H2O
BiBismuth
Biⓘ BismiteBi2O3
Biⓘ BismuthBi
Biⓘ BismuthiniteBi2S3
Biⓘ Bismutite(BiO)2CO3
Biⓘ WaylanditeBiAl3(PO4)2(OH)6
Biⓘ XimengiteBi(PO4)
Biⓘ ZaïriteBiFe33+(PO4)2(OH)6
ThThorium
Thⓘ AlthupiteAlTh(UO2)7(PO4)4(OH)5O2 · 15H2O
Thⓘ EylettersiteTh0.75Al3(PO4)2(OH)6
Thⓘ KivuiteTh(UO2)4(PO3OH)2(OH)8 · 7H2O
Thⓘ ThoriteTh(SiO4)
UUranium
Uⓘ AlthupiteAlTh(UO2)7(PO4)4(OH)5O2 · 15H2O
Uⓘ AutuniteCa(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 10-12H2O
Uⓘ Davidite-(La)La(Y,U)Fe2(Ti,Fe,Cr,V)18(O,OH,F)38
Uⓘ DumontitePb2(UO2)3O2(PO4)2 · 5H2O
Uⓘ FurongiteAl13(UO2)7(PO4)13(OH)14 · 58H2O
Uⓘ KamitugaitePbAl[(UO2)5(PO4)2.38(AsO4)0.62O2(OH)2] · 11.5H2O
Uⓘ KivuiteTh(UO2)4(PO3OH)2(OH)8 · 7H2O
Uⓘ Meta-autuniteCa(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 6H2O
Uⓘ MetavanmeersscheiteU6+(UO2)3(PO4)2(OH)6 · 2H2O
Uⓘ MoreauiteAl3(UO2)(PO4)3(OH)2 · 13H2O
Uⓘ MunditeAl(UO2)3(PO4)2(OH)3 · 5.5H2O
Uⓘ PhosphuranyliteKCa(H3O)3(UO2)7(PO4)4O4 · 8H2O
Uⓘ PhuralumiteAl2[(UO2)3(PO4)2O(OH)](OH)3(H2O)9
Uⓘ RanunculiteHAl(UO2)(PO4)(OH)3 · 4H2O
Uⓘ Rutherfordine(UO2)CO3
Uⓘ SaléeiteMg(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 10H2O
Uⓘ Studtite[(UO2)(O2)(H2O)2] · H2O
Uⓘ ThreadgolditeAl(UO2)2(PO4)2(OH) · 8H2O
Uⓘ TrianguliteAl3(UO2)4(PO4)4(OH)5 · 5H2O
Uⓘ UpaliteAl(UO2)3(PO4)2O(OH) · 7H2O
Uⓘ UraniniteUO2
Uⓘ VanmeersscheiteU6+(UO2)3(PO4)2(OH)6 · 4H2O

Geochronology

Mineralization age: Neoproterozoic to Paleogene : 830 ± 51 Ma to 55 ± 3 Ma

Important note: This table is based only on rock and mineral ages recorded on mindat.org for this locality and is not necessarily a complete representation of the geochronology, but does give an indication of possible mineralization events relevant to this locality. As more age information is added this table may expand in the future. A break in the table simply indicates a lack of data entered here, not necessarily a break in the geologic sequence. Grey background entries are from different, related, localities.

Geologic TimeRocks, Minerals and Events
Phanerozoic
 Cenozoic
  Paleogene
   Eocene
ⓘ Riebeckite granite55 ± 3 MaKahusi Complex, Kalehe Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
    
  
 Mesozoic
  Cretaceous
   Early/Lower Cretaceous
ⓘ Quartz porphyry134 ± 7 MaKahusi Complex, Kalehe Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
    
  
 Paleozoic
  Cambrian
   Cambrian Series 2
ⓘ Biotite (youngest age)516 ± 26 MaLueshe Mine, Bwito, Rutshuru Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
    
 
Precambrian
 Proterozoic
  Neoproterozoic
   Ediacaran
ⓘ Microgranite542 ± 27 MaKambusi Complex, Kalehe Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo
   Cryogenian
ⓘ Biotite (oldest age)665 ± 33 MaKirumba Complex, Bwito, Rutshuru Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo
   Tonian
ⓘ Syenite830 ± 51 MaNumbi Intrusion, Kalehe Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo

Fossils

There are 25 fossil localities from the PaleoBioDB database within this region.

BETA TEST - These data are provided on an experimental basis and are taken from external databases. Mindat.org has no control currently over the accuracy of these data.

Occurrences636
Youngest Fossil Listed0.01 Ma (Pleistocene)
Oldest Fossil Listed299 Ma (Permian)
Stratigraphic Units
UnitNo. OccurrencesAge
Albertine3170.0117 - 0 Ma (Quaternary)
Semliki - Lusso Beds755.333 - 0.0117 Ma (Cenozoic)
Ecca1268.8 - 265.1 Ma (Permian)
Lower Lukuga - Schistes noirs de Walikale4298.9 - 295.5 Ma (Paleozoic)
Fossils from RegionClick here to show the list.
Accepted NameHierarchy Age
Osteichthyes
unranked clade		Animalia : Chordata : Osteichthyes5.333 - 0 Ma
Cenozoic
Siluriformes
order		Animalia : Chordata : Actinopterygii : Siluriformes0.126 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Mammalia
class		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Carnivora
order		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora0.126 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Pleurodira
suborder		Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Testudines : Pleurodira5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Trionychidae
family		Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Testudines : Trionychidae5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Cycloderma
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Testudines : Trionychidae : Cycloderma5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Testudinidae
family		Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Testudines : Testudinidae5.333 - 0 Ma
Cenozoic
Crocodylidae
family		Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Crocodylia : Crocodylidae5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Accipitridae
family		Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Accipitriformes : Accipitridae0.126 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Ciconiidae
family		Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Ciconiiformes : Ciconiidae0.126 - 0.0117 Ma
Pleistocene
Cercopithecidae
family		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Primates : Cercopithecidae5.333 - 0 Ma
Cenozoic
Theropithecus
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Primates : Cercopithecidae : Theropithecus5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Viverridae
family		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Viverridae2.588 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Felis
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Felidae : Felis0.126 - 0.0117 Ma
Pleistocene
Aonyx
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Mustelidae : Aonyx2.588 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Canis
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Canidae : Canis0.126 - 0.0117 Ma
Pleistocene
Rodentia
order		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Rodentia0.0117 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Hystrix
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Rodentia : Hystricidae : Hystrix2.588 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Lagomorpha
order		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Lagomorpha0.126 - 0.0117 Ma
Pleistocene
Suidae
family		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Suidae5.333 - 0 Ma
Cenozoic
Kolpochoerus
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Suidae : Kolpochoerus5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Metridiochoerus
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Suidae : Metridiochoerus5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Phacochoerus
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Suidae : Phacochoerus2.588 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Potamochoerus
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Suidae : Potamochoerus0.126 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Hippopotamidae
family		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Hippopotamidae5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Giraffidae
family		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Giraffidae5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Bovidae
family		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae5.333 - 0 Ma
Cenozoic
Alcelaphus
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Alcelaphus0.126 - 0.0117 Ma
Pleistocene
Kobus
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Kobus2.588 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Syncerus
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Syncerus5.333 - 0 Ma
Cenozoic
Tragelaphus
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Tragelaphus5.333 - 0 Ma
Cenozoic
Equidae
family		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Equidae5.333 - 0 Ma
Cenozoic
Equus
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Equidae : Equus5.333 - 0 Ma
Cenozoic
Rhinocerotidae
family		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Rhinocerotidae5.333 - 0 Ma
Cenozoic
Stegodon
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Proboscidea : Stegodontidae : Stegodon0.0117 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Panthera leo
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Felidae : Panthera : Panthera leo0.126 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Taurotragus
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Taurotragus0.126 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Acacia
genus		Plantae : Tracheophyta : Magnoliopsida : Fabales : Fabaceae : Acacia5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Ophidia
suborder		Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Squamata : Ophidia2.588 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Salix
genus		Plantae : Tracheophyta : Magnoliopsida : Malpighiales : Salicaceae : Salix5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Diospyros
genus		Plantae : Tracheophyta : Magnoliopsida : Ericales : Ebenaceae : Diospyros5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Pteridophyta
phylum		Plantae : Pteridophyta5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Gramineae
family		Plantae : Angiospermae : Cyperales : Gramineae5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Bagridae
family		Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Siluriformes : Bagridae5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Barbus
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Actinopterygii : Cypriniformes : Cyprinidae : Barbus2.588 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Anas
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Anseriformes : Anatidae : Anas0.126 - 0.0117 Ma
Pleistocene
Hippopotamus amphibius
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Hippopotamidae : Hippopotamus : Hippopotamus amphibius5.333 - 0 Ma
Cenozoic
Hexaprotodon imaguncula
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Hippopotamidae : Hexaprotodon : Hexaprotodon imaguncula5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Juniperus
genus		Plantae : Tracheophyta : Pinopsida : Pinales : Cupressaceae : Juniperus5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Homo sapiens
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Primates : Hominidae : Homo : Homo sapiens5.333 - 0 Ma
Cenozoic
Protopterus
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Osteichthyes : Ceratodontiformes : Lepidosirenidae : Protopterus2.588 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Bovini
tribe		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Bovini5.333 - 0 Ma
Cenozoic
Tragelaphini
tribe		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Tragelaphini0.126 - 0.0117 Ma
Pleistocene
Reduncini
tribe		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Reduncini5.333 - 0 Ma
Cenozoic
Alcelaphini
tribe		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Alcelaphini5.333 - 0 Ma
Cenozoic
Potamochoerus porcus
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Suidae : Potamochoerus : Potamochoerus porcus2.588 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Aegypiinae
subfamily		Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Accipitriformes : Accipitridae : Aegypiinae0.126 - 0.0117 Ma
Pleistocene
Bellamya
genus		Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Architaenioglossa : Viviparidae : Bellamya5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Orycteropus afer
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Tubulidentata : Orycteropodidae : Orycteropus : Orycteropus afer0.126 - 0.0117 Ma
Pleistocene
Pelusios
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Testudines : Pelomedusidae : Pelusios5.333 - 0 Ma
Cenozoic
Clarias
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Siluriformes : Clariidae : Clarias2.588 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Lates
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Actinopterygii : Perciformes : Latidae : Lates5.333 - 0 Ma
Cenozoic
Polypterus
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Actinopterygii : Polypteriformes : Polypteridae : Polypterus2.588 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Gymnarchus
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Actinopterygii : Osteoglossiformes : Gymnarchidae : Gymnarchus5.333 - 0 Ma
Cenozoic
Synodontis
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Siluriformes : Mochokidae : Synodontis5.333 - 0 Ma
Cenozoic
Phacochoerus aethiopicus
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Suidae : Phacochoerus : Phacochoerus aethiopicus0.126 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Palaeoloxodon recki
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Proboscidea : Elephantidae : Elephas : Palaeoloxodon recki5.333 - 0 Ma
Cenozoic
Pelorovis antiquus
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Pelorovis : Pelorovis antiquus0.126 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Connochaetes taurina
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Connochaetes : Connochaetes taurina2.588 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Varanus niloticus
species		Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Squamata : Varanidae : Varanus : Varanus niloticus2.588 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Buteoninae
subfamily		Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Accipitriformes : Accipitridae : Buteoninae0.126 - 0.0117 Ma
Pleistocene
Ourebia
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Ourebia0.0117 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Ourebia ourebi
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Ourebia : Ourebia ourebi0.126 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Hippotragus equinus
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Hippotragus : Hippotragus equinus0.126 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Alcelaphus lichtensteinii
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Alcelaphus : Alcelaphus lichtensteinii2.588 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Alcelaphus buselaphus
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Alcelaphus : Alcelaphus buselaphus2.588 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Kobus ellipsiprymnus
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Kobus : Kobus ellipsiprymnus0.126 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Redunca redunca
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Redunca : Redunca redunca2.588 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Tragelaphus spekii
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Tragelaphus : Tragelaphus spekii2.588 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Syncerus caffer
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Syncerus : Syncerus caffer2.588 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Samaropsis
genus		Plantae : Tracheophyta : Pinopsida : Cordaitaceae : Samaropsis298.9 - 295.5 Ma
Paleozoic
Lutra maculicollis
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Mustelidae : Lutra : Lutra maculicollis0.126 - 0.0117 Ma
Pleistocene
Loxodonta africana
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Proboscidea : Elephantidae : Loxodonta : Loxodonta africana2.588 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Crocodylus niloticus
species		Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Crocodylia : Crocodylidae : Crocodylus : Crocodylus niloticus5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Stegodon kaisensis
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Proboscidea : Stegodontidae : Stegodon : Stegodon kaisensis5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Francolinus
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Galliformes : Phasianidae : Francolinus0.126 - 0.0117 Ma
Pleistocene
Cichlidae
family		Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Cichliformes : Cichlidae5.333 - 0 Ma
Cenozoic
Caelatura
genus		Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Littorinimorpha : Barleeiidae : Caelatura5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Struthio camelus
species		Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Struthioniformes : Struthionidae : Struthio : Struthio camelus0.126 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Lycaon pictus
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Canidae : Lycaon : Lycaon pictus0.0117 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Hylochoerus meinertzhageni
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Suidae : Hylochoerus : Hylochoerus meinertzhageni0.126 - 0.0117 Ma
Pleistocene
Bulinus
genus		Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Bulinidae : Bulinus5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Tragelaphus scriptus
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Tragelaphus : Tragelaphus scriptus0.126 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Tragelaphus strepsiceros
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Tragelaphus : Tragelaphus strepsiceros0.126 - 0.0117 Ma
Pleistocene
Damaliscus dorcas
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Damaliscus : Damaliscus dorcas2.588 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Kobus kob
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Kobus : Kobus kob5.333 - 0 Ma
Cenozoic
Kobus defassa
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Kobus : Kobus defassa0.126 - 0.0117 Ma
Pleistocene
Equus quagga burchelli
subspecies		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Equidae : Equus : Equus quagga burchelli2.588 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Dendrohyrax arboreus
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Hyracoidea : Procaviidae : Dendrohyrax : Dendrohyrax arboreus0.0117 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Boutakovia saleei
species		Animalia : Arthropoda : Insecta : Protorthoptera : Boutakovia : Boutakovia saleei298.9 - 290.1 Ma
Paleozoic
Tilapiini
tribe		Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Cichliformes : Cichlidae : Tilapiini0.0117 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Heterobranchus
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Siluriformes : Clariidae : Heterobranchus0.126 - 0.0117 Ma
Pleistocene
Podocarpus
genus		Plantae : Tracheophyta : Pinopsida : Pinales : Podocarpaceae : Podocarpus5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Eupera
genus		Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Sphaeriida : Sphaeriidae : Eupera5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Characidae
family		Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Characiformes : Characidae5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Protopterus aethiopicus
species		Animalia : Chordata : Osteichthyes : Ceratodontiformes : Lepidosirenidae : Protopterus : Protopterus aethiopicus0.126 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Phalacrocorax carbo
species		Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Suliformes : Phalacrocoracidae : Phalacrocorax : Phalacrocorax carbo0.126 - 0.0117 Ma
Pleistocene
Grewia
genus		Plantae : Spermatophyta : Magnoliopsida : Malvales : Tiliaceae : Grewia5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Clarotes
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Siluriformes : Claroteidae : Clarotes5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Hydrocynus
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Characiformes : Alestidae : Hydrocynus5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Pleiodon
genus		Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Unionida : Iridinidae : Pleiodon5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Anhinga melanogaster
species		Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Suliformes : Anhingidae : Anhinga : Anhinga melanogaster0.126 - 0.0117 Ma
Pleistocene
Ardea alba
species		Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Pelecaniformes : Ardeidae : Ardea : Ardea alba0.126 - 0.0117 Ma
Pleistocene
Numenius phaeopus
species		Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Charadriiformes : Scolopacidae : Numenius : Numenius phaeopus0.126 - 0.0117 Ma
Pleistocene
Plectropterus gambensis
species		Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Anseriformes : Anatidae : Plectropterus : Plectropterus gambensis0.126 - 0.0117 Ma
Pleistocene
Microcarbo africanus
species		Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Suliformes : Phalacrocoracidae : Microcarbo : Microcarbo africanus0.126 - 0.0117 Ma
Pleistocene
Hydroprogne caspia
species		Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Charadriiformes : Laridae : Hydroprogne : Hydroprogne caspia0.0117 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Anastomus lamelligerus
species		Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Ciconiiformes : Ciconiidae : Anastomus : Anastomus lamelligerus0.126 - 0.0117 Ma
Pleistocene
Haliaeetus vocifer
species		Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Accipitriformes : Accipitridae : Haliaeetus : Haliaeetus vocifer0.126 - 0.0117 Ma
Pleistocene
Hippotragus niro
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Hippotragus : Hippotragus niro2.588 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Kobus sigmoidalis
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Kobus : Kobus sigmoidalis5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Redunca ancystrocera
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Redunca : Redunca ancystrocera5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Menelikia lyrocera
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Menelikia : Menelikia lyrocera5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Hylochoerus euilus
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Suidae : Hylochoerus : Hylochoerus euilus5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Thryonomys swinderianus
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Rodentia : Thryonomyidae : Thryonomys : Thryonomys swinderianus0.126 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Damaliscus lunatus
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Damaliscus : Damaliscus lunatus0.126 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Pelecanus rufescens
species		Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Pelecaniformes : Pelecanidae : Pelecanus : Pelecanus rufescens0.126 - 0.0117 Ma
Pleistocene
Mycteria ibis
species		Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Ciconiiformes : Ciconiidae : Mycteria : Mycteria ibis0.126 - 0.0117 Ma
Pleistocene
Phoenicoparrus minor
species		Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Phoenicopteriformes : Phoenicopteridae : Phoenicoparrus : Phoenicoparrus minor0.126 - 0.0117 Ma
Pleistocene
Larus fuscus
species		Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Charadriiformes : Laridae : Larus : Larus fuscus0.0117 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Chroicocephalus cirrocephalus
species		Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Charadriiformes : Laridae : Chroicocephalus : Chroicocephalus cirrocephalus0.0117 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Bubo lacteus
species		Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Strigiformes : Strigidae : Bubo : Bubo lacteus0.0117 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Corvus albicollis
species		Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Passeriformes : Corvidae : Corvus : Corvus albicollis0.126 - 0.0117 Ma
Pleistocene
Bellamya unicolor
species		Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Architaenioglossa : Viviparidae : Bellamya : Bellamya unicolor5.333 - 0 Ma
Cenozoic
Pila ovata
species		Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Architaenioglossa : Ampullariidae : Pila : Pila ovata0.126 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Gabbiella senaariensis
species		Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Bithyniidae : Gabbiella : Gabbiella senaariensis0.126 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Gabbiella humerosa
species		Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Bithyniidae : Gabbiella : Gabbiella humerosa0.126 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Cleopatra bulimoides
species		Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Sorbeoconcha : Paludomidae : Cleopatra : Cleopatra bulimoides0.126 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Melanoides tuberculata
species		Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Sorbeoconcha : Thiaridae : Melanoides : Melanoides tuberculata0.126 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Lymnaea natalensis
species		Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Basommatophora : Lymnaeidae : Lymnaea : Lymnaea natalensis0.0117 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Burnupia edwardiana
species		Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Burnupiidae : Burnupia : Burnupia edwardiana0.126 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Ceratophallus kigeziensis
species		Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Basommatophora : Planorbidae : Ceratophallus : Ceratophallus kigeziensis0.126 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Ceratophallus bicarinatus
species		Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Basommatophora : Planorbidae : Ceratophallus : Ceratophallus bicarinatus0.0117 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Ceratophallus apertus
species		Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Basommatophora : Planorbidae : Ceratophallus : Ceratophallus apertus0.126 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Ceratophallus faini
species		Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Basommatophora : Planorbidae : Ceratophallus : Ceratophallus faini0.126 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Gyraulus costulatus
species		Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Basommatophora : Planorbidae : Gyraulus : Gyraulus costulatus0.126 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Biomphalaria choanomphala
species		Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Basommatophora : Planorbidae : Biomphalaria : Biomphalaria choanomphala0.126 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Biomphalaria sudanica
species		Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Basommatophora : Planorbidae : Biomphalaria : Biomphalaria sudanica0.0117 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Bulinus truncatus
species		Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Basommatophora : Planorbidae : Bulinus : Bulinus truncatus0.0117 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Achatina stuhlmanni
species		Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Stylommatophora : Achatinidae : Achatina : Achatina stuhlmanni0.126 - 0.0117 Ma
Pleistocene
Limicolaria martensiana
species		Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Achatinidae : Limicolaria : Limicolaria martensiana0.126 - 0.0117 Ma
Pleistocene
Curvella
genus		Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Stylommatophora : Achatinidae : Curvella0.126 - 0.0117 Ma
Pleistocene
Succinea baumanni
species		Animalia : Mollusca : Gastropoda : Stylommatophora : Succineidae : Succinea : Succinea baumanni0.126 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Coelatura bakeri
species		Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Unionida : Unionidae : Coelatura : Coelatura bakeri0.126 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Coelatura acuminata
species		Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Unionida : Unionidae : Coelatura : Coelatura acuminata0.126 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Aspatharia
genus		Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Unionida : Mutelidae : Aspatharia5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Aspatharia rubens
species		Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Unionida : Iridinidae : Aspatharia : Aspatharia rubens0.126 - 0.0117 Ma
Pleistocene
Mutela nilotica
species		Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Unionida : Iridinidae : Mutela : Mutela nilotica0.126 - 0.0117 Ma
Pleistocene
Etheria
genus		Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Unionida : Etheriidae : Etheria5.333 - 0.0117 Ma
Cenozoic
Etheria elliptica
species		Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Unionida : Etheriidae : Etheria : Etheria elliptica0.126 - 0.0117 Ma
Pleistocene
Corbicula consobrina
species		Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Venerida : Cyrenidae : Corbicula : Corbicula consobrina0.126 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Sphaerium hartmanni
species		Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Veneroidei : Sphaeriidae : Sphaerium : Sphaerium hartmanni0.126 - 0.0117 Ma
Pleistocene
Pisidium victoriae
species		Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Sphaeriida : Sphaeriidae : Pisidium : Pisidium victoriae0.126 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Barbus bynni
species		Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Cypriniformes : Cyprinidae : Barbus : Barbus bynni0.126 - 0.0117 Ma
Pleistocene
Barbus altianalis
species		Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Cypriniformes : Cyprinidae : Barbus : Barbus altianalis0.126 - 0.0117 Ma
Pleistocene
Bagrus
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Siluriformes : Bagridae : Bagrus5.333 - 0 Ma
Cenozoic
Synodontis schall
species		Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Siluriformes : Mochokidae : Synodontis : Synodontis schall0.126 - 0.0117 Ma
Pleistocene
Synodontis frontosus
species		Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Siluriformes : Mochokidae : Synodontis : Synodontis frontosus0.126 - 0 Ma
Quaternary
Lates niloticus
species		Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Perciformes : Latidae : Lates : Lates niloticus5.333 - 0 Ma
Cenozoic
Fossil LocalitiesClick to show 25 fossil localities

Localities in this Region

DR Congo
DR Congo

Other Regions, Features and Areas that Intersect

Africa
African PlateTectonic Plate
African Plate
DR Congo
Somali PlateTectonic Plate

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